<p>The Swedenborgian Church is a historic church complex at 2107 Lyon Street in the Pacific Heights neighborhood of San Francisco, California. Built in 1895 for a Swedenborgian congregation, it is considered one of California&#39;s earliest pure Arts and Crafts buildings, with design contributions by A. C. Schweinfurth, A. Page Brown, Bernard Maybeck, William Keith, and Bruce Porter. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and building history</h2><br>
<p>The Swedenborgian Church is located at the northwest corner of Lyon and Washington Streets in San Francisco&#39;s Pacific Heights neighborhood, on a lot that has been leveled by fill held by a stuccoed retaining wall. The complex is basically rectangular, housing the church, parsonage, and parish house amid landscaped gardens. It is accessed by an arched portico, flanked by similar arched openings, which form a sort of portico in front of the sanctuary facing Lyon Street, covered by a tile roof. The sanctuary is a single-story structure, with a thick walls finished with a variety of colored and textured bricks. The gabled roof is supported by heavy timbers, which are exposed on the inside. The doors into the sanctuary are made of dark tongue-and-groove oak boards, and are fastened by hand-wrought iron hinges. The interior of the main sanctuary is dominated by massive timbers, mainly madrone clad in Douglas fir wainscoting.</p><br>
<p>The first pastor of the church was Rev. Joseph Worcester (May 20, 1836 - August 4, 1913), who bought the land and worked with the architects to design the church. Contributions were made to the plans by A. C. Schweinfurth, A. Page Brown, Bernard Maybeck, William Keith, and Bruce Porter. The then-nascent Arts and Crafts movement was viewed by Worcester as harmonizing particularly well with Swedenborgian teachings about harmonizing man with nature. The church opened for worship March 17, 1895. It remains essentially the same as when it was built.</p><br>
<p>Crater Lake Superintendent&#39;s Residence, is "an impressive structure of massive boulders and heavy-handed woodwork" at Crater Lake National Park</p><br>
<h2>Location, layout and amenities</h2><br>
<p>The park Superintendents Residence is located at north end of Munson Valley Historic District. It was constructed in 1933. The buildings footprint is 33 by with a rustic stone superstructure and wood-shake roof. The first floor includes an entry hall, living room with lava-rock fireplace, a dining room, kitchen, and bedroom with adjoining bathroom. The second floor has four additional bedrooms and two bathrooms. The building was framed in Douglas fir and the roof covered with cedar shakes.</p><br>
<p>Today, the building houses part of the parks Science and Learning Center. It opened its doors on August 26, 2006. The Superintendents House was completely restored and retrofitted for safety in order to become useful once more to serve scientists and students in studies pertaining to Crater Lake and the surrounding area. The main house is used as library, meeting space, and offices and is furnished with the original Imperial Monterey furniture. An adjacent secondary building serves as a bunkhouse for visitors, and houses a mixture of reproduction and original Imperial Monterey furniture. The reproduction furniture was created as part of a graduate student project by two students from the Oregon College of Art and Craft.</p><br>
<h2>Furnishings</h2><br>
<p>The Imperial furniture line conserved for Crater Lake National Park by MPF Conservation. The line was originally purchased by the NPS through Meier & Frank in Portland, Oregon. It is one of two largest complete lines known in existence in a public place, the other being a line of Mason Monterey furniture just a few hours away at the Oregon Caves National Monument. The Imperial furniture line is one of the best known of the Furniture lines popularized at the time of Monterey. It was made in Los Angeles, California in the early 1930s. The Imperial line utilized mahogany as their primary wood, usually stained dark brown with a silvery sheen, created by grain filler, probably silex or calcium chloride. The line was solid and heavy, accented by top quality ironwork. Originally the line was upholstered in a multicolored cotton weave in a fiesta-influenced pattern. The restoration show covers chosen were rich red and cordovan colored waxed top grain aniline leathers, which was also appropriate to the time.</p><br>
<p>The Old Chief Joseph Gravesite, also known as Nez Perce Traditional Site, Wallowa Lake, Chief Joseph Cemetery and Joseph National Indian Cemetery is a Native American cemetery near Joseph, Oregon. The area was also a traditional campsite of the Nez Perce and may be archaeologically significant. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985, listed as Wallowa Lake Site. It is a component of the Nez Perce National Historical Park.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>The Old Chief Joseph Gravesite is located at the northern end of Wallowa Lake, on a 5 acre site with commanding views of the lake and surrounding mountains. It is just south of Oregon Highway 351, from which an unpaved drive enters the property through a gateway in a stone wall. The main feature is a circular earthen platform, lined with a low stone retaining wall. At its center is the memorial marker to Old Chief Joseph, a mortared stone pillar, with a bronze relief of the chief&#39;s head on one side. Other features of the property include a flagpole, and the grave of an early white settler of the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Old Chief Joseph was the mid-19th century leader of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce tribe, one of several that had refused to sign treaties in the 1850s and 1860s that would have forced them onto reservation land in Idaho. The Wallowa Lake area was part of the homeland of this band, and both Old Chief Joseph and his successor Chief Joseph, were steadfast in their refusal to abandon the land. The Wallowa band were famously forced off the land in the Nez Perce War in 1877.</p><br>
<p>In 1886, Old Chief Joseph&#39;s grave was desecrated by local property owners and his skull was removed as a souvenir. In 1926, his grave was moved, with permission from the Nez Perce, to this location, and the stone marker was placed. In the 1930s, the Works Progress Administration funded work performed by members of the Nez Perce tribe to make a number of improvements, including the stone wall at the highway, and the retaining wall. The cemetery is a sacred place for the Nez Perce people, and is held in trust for them by the United States government.</p><br>
<p>The Anangula Site  is an archaeological site in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. Located on a 1.5 mi long island off the western coast of Umnak Island, it lies 3.1 mi north-northwest of Nikolski Bay. The site documents one of the earliest known human settlements in the Aleutian Islands, dating to c. 6400 BCE. It was in the 1970s believed to be a remnant of people thought to have migrated here across the land bridge from Asia.</p><br>
<p>The site is believed to have been along the southern fringe of the hypothesized Bering land bridge, by which (according to that theory) the Americas were first settled. At the time of its settlement, sea level was believed to be lower (by about 100 m), and the area consisted of a strandflat surrounded by nutrient-rich waters and abundant wildlife. The immediate area of the settlement is also surrounded by evidence of volcanic ashfalls, which are theorized to contribute to the eventual abandonment of the site, leading to the settlement of other parts of Beringia.</p><br>
<p>The Anangula site was first discovered by William S. Laughlin in 1938, when surface surveys identified the area as of potential interest. In the 1950s additional research was done in the area, but its great age was not understood until its major features were found, buried beneath 2 m of volcanic deposits. Excavations in the late 1960s uncovered all or part of eight house remains, and recovered more than 30,000 artifacts, some of which bore little resemblance to other North American finds at the time. These structures were partially subterranean, measuring about 3 m by 5.5 m, and were apparently designed to house single families.</p><br>
<p>The site was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Ananiuliak Island Archeological District in 1972, and was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The island has historically been identified by a variety of spellings and pronunciations. Its Aleut name was reported by Capt. Lutke (1836, p. 299) as "Anangouliak" and by Father Veniaminov (1840, v. 1, p. 156) as "Ananulyak". This island was called &#39;O (strov) Anayulyakh " or "Anayulyakh Island" by Capt. Tebenkov (1852, map 25), IRN.</p><br>
<p>Other spellings include:</p><br>
<p>Anangouliak Island</p><br>
<p>Anangula</p><br>
<p>Ananiuliak Island</p><br>
<p>Ananulyak</p><br>
<p>Anayulyakh Island</p><br>
<p>Ostgraov Anayulyakh</p><br>
<p>The Sacramento City Library, also known as Central Branch, is part of the Sacramento Public Library system, and faces I Street in Sacramento, California near Sacramento City Hall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The three-story Italian Renaissance Revival style Sacramento Carnegie library opened on I street between 8th and 9th in 1918, replacing an earlier 1872 building one block to the west. The library was designed by Loring P. Rixford and was financed in large part by a $100,000 grant from Carnegie. The outside of the building retains much of its original appearance, the inside has been significantly updated to meet modern needs. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The library was built adjacent to City Plaza Park, now called Cesar E. Chavez Plaza.</p><br>
<h2>Volunteering</h2><br>
<p>The one goal of the Sacramento Public Library involving volunteer programs is: Support library services for over 1.3 million residents in Sacramento County.</p><br>
<p>In pursuit of that goal, the library uses volunteers to:</p><br>
<p>help with large and small one time projects.</p><br>
<p>assist librarians and other staff with ongoing special tasks.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church — known also as Christ Church, Washington Parish or Christ Church on Capitol Hill — is a historic Episcopal church located at 620 G Street SE in Washington, D.C., USA. The church is also called Christ Church, Navy Yard, because of its proximity to the Washington Navy Yard and the nearby USA Marine Barracks.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church was established in 1795, one of two congregations envisioned for Washington Parish, created by an act of the Maryland General Assembly in 1794. Initially, worship services were held in a converted tobacco barn. The present structure was built in 1807, the first Episcopal church in the original city of Washington, on land given by William Prout. Through changes to its exterior and interior over the years, the building has been the site of a continuously worshiping community ever since. The church was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. The Rev. John A. Kellogg is the current rector.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding of the Parish, 1794</h3><br>
<p>When the District of Columbia was created, there was no Episcopal Church in the city of Washington or Georgetown, although there had been an Episcopal presence. The Church of England had bought land for building an Anglican church in Georgetown in 1769. The Revolutionary War and time needed to establish the new Episcopal Church delayed building, but Anglican services were sometimes held at the Georgetown Presbyterian Church on Bridge St. (now M St.). Services connected to St. John&#39;s Broad Creek were held in a renovated tobacco barn on Capitol Hill, possibly as early as the 1780s.</p><br>
<p>Nevertheless, existing Episcopal churches were miles from where population growth was expected, and the Rt. Rev. Thomas Claggett, Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland and first Episcopal bishop consecrated in the United States, was determined that there should be an Episcopal church in the nation&#39;s capital. In 1793, he appointed prominent local businessmen and landed gentry to explore using a lottery to finance building a church there. After that group, including Samuel Blodgett, Uriah Forrest, Benjamin Stoddert, William Deakins, and Anthony Addison, failed to make progress, the bishop pressed on to the Maryland legislature. The Maryland Vestry Act of 1794, drawing boundaries for a new parish in the Diocese of Maryland, made up of Washington and Georgetown, was signed into law on December 26, 1794.</p><br>
<h3>Early Years, 1795-1844</h3><br>
<p>The first meeting establishing Christ Church was held on May 25, 1795. Although Bishop Claggett had voiced his desire to be rector the newly elected vestry called the Rev. George Ralph, who had recently moved from Maryland to start a school in Washington. Many clergy—often the best educated men in the community—ran schools to supplement incomes that otherwise came solely from pew fees. The first vestry, prominent local land owners, speculators, businessmen, and local politicians William Deakins, Jr., John Templeman, Charles Worthington, James Simmons, Joseph Clarke, Thomas Johnson, Jr., and Gustavus Scott, appointed Henry Edwards as registrar, and elected Clotworthy Stevenson and William Prentiss as wardens for one year. In the following year, Thomas Law, General Davidson, and John Crocker were appointed to take the places of Johnson, Clarke, and Simmons, who had left the parish.</p><br>
<p>Few parish records of this first decade survive, but other sources document that worship services were held in the converted tobacco barn and in the hallway of the War Office on Sunday afternoons. When Ralph left after two years to return to Maryland, his assistant, the Rev. Andrew McCormick was left in charge. In 1807, Ralph, still nominally the rector, returned to the city and called a parish meeting. Although in the interim the parish may have been, like the city, as much vision as reality, the meeting resulted in the election of a new vestry: Commodore Thomas Tingey, John Dempsie, Bullveer Cocke, Andrew Way, Thomas H. Gillis, Thomas Washington, Peter Miller, Robert Alexander, and Henry Ingle. Ralph resigned, and the new vestry elected McCormick as rector. It is in 1806, shortly before Ralph&#39;s return that vestry minutes begin anew and continue to the present time.Robertson, Nan. (2015) Christ Church, Washington Parish. https://washingtonparish.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Christ-Church-History-2015-Final2.pdf</p><br>
<p>During McCormick&#39;s tenure the new church was built on land donated by William Prout, a land owner, developer, businessman, and civic leader in the new city. The church was completed in 1807 and dedicated in 1809 by Bishop Claggett. In 1812, the vestry of Christ Church took ownership of a cemetery that had been established in 1807 by men who were also members of Christ Church: George Blagden, Griffith Coombe, John T. Frost, Henry Ingle, Dr. Frederick May, Peter Miller, Samuel Smallwood, and Commodore Tingey. This Washington Parish Burial Ground quickly became known as Congressional Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>During the War of 1812, the community around the church survived the burning of the Washington Navy Yard, just blocks away. The fire was started by Mordecai Booth, another Christ Church vestryman, under orders of Tingey, Commander of the Navy Yard, to prevent the British from capturing a valuable foothold in the nations capital. Archibald Henderson, longest serving Commandant of the Marine Corps, also played a prominent role in the life of the church and served on its vestry. As the communities around the Capitol and the Navy Yard grew, so did Christ Church, expanding its physical structure in the first of many renovations in 1824. Likewise, the city of Washington was growing. The boundaries of Washington Parish, which had encompassed the original City of Washington and Georgetown, began to contract as new churches formed and parish boundaries were set for them: St. Johns Georgetown in 1809, St. John&#39;s Lafayette Square in 1816, Trinity Church in 1827 (demolished 1936), Epiphany in 1844, and Ascension in 1845.</p><br>
<h3>The Civil War Era, 1844-1870</h3><br>
<p>The Episcopal Church as a whole and the Diocese of Maryland were not particularly progressive on the issue of slavery. A number of early Christ Church leaders were enslavers. While both free and enslaved African Americans appear to have been baptized, confirmed, and married at and communicants of Christ Church from at least 1805, their numbers were few and seating was segregated, with one of the balconies reserved for enslaved persons. Christ Church allowed African Americans to be buried in its cemetery but not in the original enclosed portion of the burial ground. Before the war, Christ Church called an anti-slavery rector in the Rev. Julius Morsell and after the war, a southern sympathizer in the Rev. Charles Hansford Shield. In 1858 Christ Church hired Theophilus Howard, an African American, as sexton. During the war Union forces used its tower to observe the area across the Potomac. In 1865 it counted among its members David Herold, one of the Lincoln assassination co-conspirators. A member of the parish, Dr. Samuel McKim, spoke in Herolds defense at his trial, and the rector of the parish, the Rev. Marcus Olds, was at the scaffold with Herold, as were other clergy with the other co-conspirators. Except for expressed relief that the church building was not commandeered for the war efforts and an authorization to drape the bell tower in black after Lincolns assassination, there is little mention of the issue of slavery or the effects of war in the vestry proceedings of the time.</p><br>
<h3>The Gilded Age, 1870-1900</h3><br>
<p>If hard use during the war battered Capitol Hill&#39;s roads and existing buildings, it also brought new residences, schools and military and civic buildings, and the local population grew after the 1883 Pendelton Civil Service Reform Act gave federal workers greater job security and regular wages. Christ Church mirrored this pattern, growing from 147 communicants in 1870 to 532 in 1895.</p><br>
<p>The best known Christ Church member is John Philip Sousa, the famous March King and head of the Marine Corps Band from 1880-1892. He was born at 636 G St., SE, just three doors east of Christ Church and had a lifelong association with the parish. Sousa referred to Christ Church in a novel he wrote set in the Pipetown neighborhood east of the Marine Barracks. Christ Church was stable enough to establish a parochial chapel, St. Matthews, at Half and M Streets, SE, in 1892. St. Matthews added a parish hall in 1914. During this time Christ Church was known for its music program. A Hook & Hastings organ was installed in 1880, and there were a boys&#39; choir and sponsored musical events. The church celebrated its centennial on May 25, 1895. That year saw the establishment of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington, which split the District of Columbia and nearby Maryland counties from the Diocese of Maryland. The end of the 19th century gave the church the dubious distinction that former rector the Rev. Gilbert Fearing Williams was the first clergyman in the newly formed Diocese of Washington to be tried for misconduct. Having been found guilty, Williams was deposed by Bishop Satterlee in 1898, but was reinstated in 1914 by Bishop Harding when new evidence came to light.</p><br>
<h3>World Wars, 1900-1946</h3><br>
<p>The neighborhood was relatively stable during the first half of the 20th century, even during the Depression, in part on the strength of federal government employment, particularly in the Navy Yard. Parish leadership similarly saw stability, with the Rev. Arthur Shaaf Johns beginning his 20-year service as rector in 1897. Johns, son of the Rt. Rev. John Johns, Bishop of Virginia, was also a Confederate veteran. In 1903, Christ Church built a chapel at Congressional Cemetery. During World War I, while the Rev. David Covell was rector, the church hosted dinners for armed service members. In the 1920s, the church had the resources to undertake a major interior redesign, changing the look from heavy Victorian ornamentation to imitation stone, more in keeping with the neo-Gothic appearance of the exterior. The longest-serving rector after Johns was the Rev. Edward Gabler, whose tenure reached 18 years. In 1930 parish by-laws were changed so that women members of the congregation could vote in parish elections. Gabler assisted at the funeral of John Philip Sousa in 1932. In 1938 the church purchased a Hammond electric organ with a full accompaniment of chimes that Gabler loved to play. When Gabler left, the congregation had remained relatively stable in size for 50 years, but the neighborhood was starting to show signs of stress and disrepair.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and Revitalization, 1947-1983</h3><br>
<p>In the 1950s, during the terms of the Revs. John H. Stipe and Ivan E. Merrick, Jr., the alley dwellings behind the church were cleared, replaced by a parking lot and playground, and the church building underwent a major renovation. Historic preservation efforts also began to shape the Capitol Hill neighborhood around the church. In the wake of the 1954 Supreme Court decision desegregating D.C. public schools (Bolling v. Sharpe), racial demographic shifts across the city accelerated, and the Rev. Donald A. Seaton, called as rector in 1965, advocated efforts to attract young people and foster racial integration. However, the pace and nature of his changes provoked some members of the congregation, and Seaton resigned by 1968.</p><br>
<p>Despite the parishs diminished membership and resources, efforts to connect with the Capitol Hill community, begun by Seaton and continued by the rectors who followed, resulted in Christ Churchs support for the founding of a day school, a social services agency, and a community arts organization. The parish day school begun in the early 1960s, joined with the Lutheran Church of the Reformation to eventually become the Capitol Hill Day School. It was led by Bessie Wood Cramer, the parish&#39;s first female vestry member, who had been responsible for managing D.C. public school desegregation in the 1950s. Christ Church participated in the establishment of Capitol Hill Group Ministry, a coalition of Capitol Hill churches responding to the racial tensions and social needs of an increasingly diverse Capitol Hill population. Capitol Hill Group Ministry incorporated as a 504(c)(3) nonprofit provider of social services in 1967, and today is known as Everyone Home DC, a community provider of services to prevent and ameliorate homelessness. Capitol Hill Arts Workshop began a long relationship with Christ Church in 1972, holding many classes and staging shows in the parish hall until it secured dedicated space at 7th and G Streets, SE, in the early 1980s.</p><br>
<p>On May 25, 1969, the Rev. David Dunning presided over the church&#39;s 175th anniversary celebration. The USA Marine Band presented a concert on the lawn, G Street was closed to traffic, and an Interior Department official added Christ Church to the National Register of Historic Places. Picketers stood just outside the church fence, protesting the presence of General William Westmoreland, a commander of American forces in Vietnam, who had been invited along with other dignitaries.</p><br>
<p>After the Episcopal Church approved the ordination of women to the priesthood in 1976, the Rev. Carole A. Crumley, ordained at Washington National Cathedral in January 1977, was called as the parish&#39;s first female priest, serving as assistant rector and as interim rector during 1977-1979.</p><br>
<h3>1985-Present</h3><br>
<p>In the mid-1980s, the parish was active in the AIDS crisis, hosting educational sessions for the parish and the community and raising funds. The church helped establish the Diocesan program, Episcopal Caring Response to AIDS (ECRA), and with other Diocesan churches, it sponsored a group home for individuals with AIDS, staffed by the Whitman-Walker clinic.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church celebrated its bicentennial in 1994 with the Rev. Robert Tate as rector. The Rev. Judith Davis, the churchs first female rector, followed Tate in 1996. While the Rev. Cara Spaccarelli was rector (2009-2018), solar panels were installed on the parish hall roof, the parish hall was renovated, and a new organ was installed, Opus 3914 of Casavant Frères. Built expressly for the worship space, the organ replaced an instrument in place since 1972, which was a composite based on a 1901 Hook & Hastings organ purchased from St. Cyprians Roman Catholic Church. Spaccarelli was a Capitol Hill Community Achievement Award honoree in 2018. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the church called the Rev. John Kellogg as its 29th rector.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>April 7, 1806 The vestry named Robert Alexander ("a builder architect in the 18th century tradition") to prepare a plan and estimate for building Christ Church.</p><br>
<p>May 5, 1806 The vestry appointed a committee of Comm. Tingey, John Dempsie, and Peter Miller to "seek a lot from William Prout...one of the few proprietors to remain solvent throughout the development of early Washington."</p><br>
<p>"George Blagden, the Capitols stonemason, and Griffith Coombe, Capitol Hills most successful building contractor, examined several drawings and estimates before settling on the design submitted by Alexander; it was approved by the vestry on June 16." In August, Alexander resigned from the vestry and was replaced by William Cranch. Griffith Coombe was appointed to fill Alexander&#39;s position on the committee to get estimates for the building of the church.</p><br>
<p>August 3, 1806 Masons of the Washington Naval Lodge No. 41 laid the cornerstone of the Sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>June 15, 1807 The vestry resolved to "proceed with all possible dispatch, to finish the new Church, Viz, to have the pews on the ground floor Completed, the Pulpit Erected together with the stair cases, & such seats in the front Gallery as may be adequte to accommodate the Clerk & other Gentlemen, or Music who may attend the Choir, the side Galery floors to be laid with a pannelling in front thereof, the plaistering finish&#39;d and the Joiners work handsomely plainly painted...." It was at least another month before the plaster of the interior cove ceiling was finished by Capitol plasterer William Thackara.</p><br>
<p>August 9, 1807 The exterior of the church was finished.</p><br>
<p>October 8, 1809 The church was consecrated by the Rt. Rev. Thomas John Claggett, Bishop of Maryland, when, as was the custom, the construction debt had been paid off. Claggett later wrote of the event that he found the church "not large, but sufficiently elegant."</p><br>
<h3>Setting, Size, Design, Layout, Materials, & Features</h3><br>
<p>The church was centered on two plots of land (Lots 6 & 7, Square 877) on G Street, SE, given by William Prout. The building was set back approximately 100 feet from and about 4 feet above G Street, which had been cut west to east across the gently sloping hill. Steps led up from the unpaved roadway to a walkway (probably brick) centered on the building.</p><br>
<p>The design has been incorrectly attributed to Benjamin Latrobe, architect of the Capitol and innumerable other buildings in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington. Records point to Robert Alexander, a protégé of Latrobe, as the original designer of the church. Correspondence by Latrobe&#39;s son incorrectly attributes Christ Church Capitol Hill to Latrobe, which may be the genesis of the misattribution.</p><br>
<p>According to the vestry&#39;s request for proposals published in The National Intelligencer (May 28, 30, June 4–13, 1806), the church was constructed of brick.</p><br>
<p>Dimensions The original church was 38 feet wide by 45 feet long.</p><br>
<p>Entrances There were two exterior doors on the front of the building, now replaced by interior swinging doors from the narthex into the sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>Galleries/Balconies Immediately through each door were stairs along the inside of the front wall leading to galleries (or balconies). Vestry records and other references indicate the west gallery was for Marines, the east gallery for enslaved persons, and the south or central portion of the gallery was for the organ, choir, and instrumentalists.</p><br>
<p>Pews As was customary at the time, some pews were box-style with doors on them to reduce drafts. The others were high-backed, also probably to block drafts. The pews were divided by two aisles aligned with the exterior doors, with the greatest number of pews in the center. The original church had 42 pews with three reserved for the President, William Prout (land donor), and the Rector. The pews were numbered, and pew rents were charged.</p><br>
<p>The church was quite simple. It had a coved ceiling (as today) and clear glass windows. Stained glass was not manufactured in America until the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>There is no record of where the pulpit might have been or of its style, other than the vestry journal entry of June 15, 1807, which suggests the pulpit might have been constructed of wood.</p><br>
<h3>Subsequent Additions and Modifications</h3><br>
<p>1824 The church was extended 18 feet to the north, expanding the number of pews to 58. This also provided two additional windows on each side of the nave and a room for the rector on the center south wall.</p><br>
<p>1849 A four-story tower, including the narthex with buttresses and a center door, was added. The narthex measured 40 side and 116" deep. The gallery steps were moved to the narthex, allowing stoves on each side of the nave where the steps had been. Battlements, folded sheet-iron finials, and wooden tracery in arched windows were added to give an English neo-Gothic appearance. A bell, still in use, was installed in 1850.</p><br>
<p>1868 Pebble-dash stucco was applied to the front of the church.</p><br>
<p>1874 A separate building was added as a chapel for religious education of children. Around 1898, vestry journals begin to refer to it as "the chapel and parish hall." About 32 feet wide and 56 feet long, it was set back and, as was the custom of the time, not connected to the church.</p><br>
<p>1877 Cast-iron columns were added to keep the roof joists from caving in. The roof was replaced, and the east and west galleries were removed. A shallow recessed chancel may have been added. The stenciled windows may have been installed at this time. The vestry journals show a rather large sum ($465) was paid for glass in the 1877 renovations for windows purchased primarily from memorial funds.</p><br>
<p>1885 The parish hall was extended an additional 16 feet to the north.</p><br>
<p>1891-1892 The fifth story (about 16&#39;) of the bell tower was added. Round windows that can be seen only from the outside were added on three of the four sides of the new tower. Also added was an entry vestibule, creating the current arched central entrance.</p><br>
<p>Floors and Cellar The 1969 nomination by the National Capitol Planning Commission Landmarks Historian for Christ Church to be placed on the National Register of Historic Places noted that during the 1891 renovation the original joists and floor of the sanctuary were removed, a cellar was dug, and new joists and floors were erected on sustaining walls independent of the outside walls.</p><br>
<p>Chancel The renovations included an addition of a chancel covered by a half dome and entered through a high, wide, pointed arch that fought for attention against the elliptical cove.</p><br>
<p>Decor The interior was frescoed with ornate grape vines and fruit and elaborately decorated in the Victorian manner. "The colors were those expected of the period: soft, sombre browns and tans and violets."</p><br>
<p>1900 Pebble-dash stucco was added to the east and west sides of the church to give the building a uniform appearance.</p><br>
<p>1903 Engraved brass railings were added across the width of the chancel in front of the neo-Gothic carved wood altar, as were a matching lectern for the pulpit and brass railings for the altar rails, given as memorials by parishioners. Brass rails were also added on each side of the steps up to the chancel.</p><br>
<p>1921 Architect Delos H. Smith replaced the grape vine and fruit frescoes with imitation stone to "match" the Gothic aspects of the front of the chancel and deepened the chancel to its present 2311" by 19 to make room for the organ and choir. The 1880 Hook & Hastings organ was moved to the south gallery located along the original south wall to the east side of the chancel. The south gallery was removed, and electric lights were added. Two stained glass windows were added to the side walls of the chancel, one dedicated to the World War I soldiers of the parish and one to the memory of the Rev. Charles D. Andrews. Claims that the windows were made by the Tiffany Studio in New York cannot be verified.</p><br>
<p>1925 The parish hall was remodeled, with kitchen and nursery areas added on the northwest end, creating a courtyard between the rectory and the parish hall. A basement was added underneath the new addition.</p><br>
<p>1926 The stained glass "Crucifixion" window was installed on the back wall of the chancel, a memorial to the mothers of the church.</p><br>
<p>1953-1954 Architect Horace W. Peaslee directed a major alteration attempting to reconcile the various changes over the years with the original interior design. The Gothic arch leading into the chancel was removed, and the gable roof of the chancel was raised to enable the cove ceiling to be extended the full length of the sanctuary. Two wood copies of the iron columns were installed on each side of the chancel behind the liturgical chairs.</p><br>
<p>1955 The contemporary stained-glass windows in the narthex and second-floor balcony over the narthex, a gift from the estate of Edward Valentine and Mary Elizabeth Howe Conner, were designed and executed by local Washington artists Rowan and Irene LeCompte, who designed 45 windows and six mosaic murals at Washington National Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>1966 A two-story addition to the south end of the parish hall was built, providing office and meeting space and connecting the parish hall to the sanctuary with an entryway. The Sousa stained-glass window in what is now a library/meeting room and the other stained glass on the first and second floors of the addition were added at that time.</p><br>
<p>Mid-1970s The choir pews were removed from the front of the chancel, and the choir was relocated onto the floor at the south end of the nave by the organ. A table altar was placed in the center of the chancel.</p><br>
<p>1996 Following extensive study of the changes in liturgical practice embodied in the 1979 Book of Common Prayer, the brass rail at the rear of the chancel was removed. Part of it was reinstalled to the left of the front of the chancel and kneelers placed there. Another part was placed to the right of the pulpit as a rail for congregants walking into the sanctuary down the ramp from the entryway coming from the parish hall. The historic, oversized brass eagle lectern was removed, leaving a single source of address, the pulpit. The paint was removed from the top and arm moldings of the pews, which were treated with a cherry stain, and the bases and backs of the pews were painted white. Pew cushions to match the new carpet runners and chancel carpeting were installed.</p><br>
<p>2015 Replication and replacement of the historic four finials on the top of the church steeple and four lower finials by Wagner Roofing. The new finials are lead coated copper as were the finials that were replaced</p><br>
<p>2016 A half-million dollar renovation of the parish hall included replacement of the heating and air-conditioning systems, replacement of the windows, removal of the stage, construction of multi-level meeting spaces, exposure of the two north-end circular windows, bath renovations, new carpeting, glass panels on the south-end stairs and second floor balcony, and the addition of storage space for tables and chairs. Design was provided by demian/Wilbur/associates.</p><br>
<p>2017 New organ installed, a two-manual, 17-rank instrument with a movable console built by Casavant Frères Ltée, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Opus 3914).</p><br>
<p>2020 Exterior protective coverings of the stained-glass windows were installed by Willet Hauser Architectural Glass under a grant from the DC Preservation League and a bequest from a long time parishioner, Robert Conly.</p><br>
<p>The many changes of the past 225 years in the church building and parish hall have reflected growth in membership as well as changes in liturgical practice and liturgical taste of the Episcopal Church and the parish. Unlike many historic churches which have either maintained their original features or have had them restored, Christ Church is a blend of the architectural styles and tastes in vogue over its lifetime.</p><br>
<h2>Rectors</h2><br>
<p>The 29 rectors of Christ Church Washington Parish, their tenures and theological education are listed below. In the early years of the Episcopal Church, individuals seeking ordination did not always go to theological schools but often studied under the direction of a Bishop or other clergy. In those cases, the ordaining bishop is listed. This list does not include interim and associate rectors who have served the parish on a temporary basis or under the direction of the called rector.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church, founded in 1817, is a historic Episcopal church located at 31st and O Streets, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Georgetown neighborhood. Its first rector was Reuel Keith , who with William Holland Wilmer rector of St. Paul&#39;s Church in 1818 founded an Education Society to train Episcopal priests. Rev. Keith left this parish in 1820 to accept a position at Bruton Parish Church and teach at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, although he later returned to the new national capital and taught at the Virginia Theological Seminary when it was founded in 1823.</p><br>
<p>The current church building, built in 1885–1886, replaced an earlier church building built in 1818. The church building was erected at a cost of $50,000, and it opened on October 28, 1886. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The building was deemed "a very fine example of late 19th century Gothic". It has been termed a "miniature cathedral" for its "tall dominating bell tower, its stone Gothic arches and lancet windows. It is a one-story 90x60 ft structure built of red, smooth-faced brick laid in common bond, with yellow sandstane used for "window sills, buttress caps, corner blocks at gable and dormer ends, door enframements, the north gable finial and cross, gable copings for the main church and aisle dormers (though most of this stonework is covered with a protective sheet of lead), as well as the steps to the doorways."</p><br>
<p>The building is also a contributing property in the Georgetown Historic District, also listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, on March 8, the rector of the church informed parishioners that he was the first Washington, D.C., resident to test positive for the coronavirus. All services were canceled that Sunday. According to the assistant to the rector, this was the first time the church had closed since a fire in the 1800s.</p><br>
<p>The former Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist, located at 3101 West 31st Avenue, in Denver, Colorado, is a historic structure that on April 21, 2004, was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>National register listing</h2><br>
<p>Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist (added 2004 - Building - #04000336)</p><br>
<p>Now occupied by The Sanctuary</p><br>
<p>3101 W. 31st Ave., Denver</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Hoyt, Merrill H., Hoyt, Burnham F.</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Renaissance</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1900-1924</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>The Phoenix Mutual Life Insurance Building, locally called the "Boat Building", is a notable Modernist office building located on Constitution Plaza in Hartford, Connecticut. Designed by Max Abramovitz and completed in 1963, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is the world&#39;s first two-sided building.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Phoenix Building is located east of the commercial core of downtown Hartford, on a block bounded by Columbus Boulevard and State, Prospect, and Grove Streets. It is set on an elevated plaza, which is connected by a footbridge to Constitution Plaza, a contemporaneous development to the north, and to later developments to the east and south. The location is highly visible from local highways. The area under the plaza includes a parking garage and other service areas, and is partially taken up by a sunken plaza with fountain. Office spaces with floor-to-ceiling windows line the sunken portion of the plaza. The main tower is located off-center on the northwest part of the plaza, and is oriented roughly east–west. The 13-story tower has only two curved sides, in an unusual and striking shape variously termed an elliptic lenticular cylinder or lenticular hyperboloid. Its height is 212 ft; it measures 225 feet on its long axis, and 87 feet wide at its maximum width. It is supported by steel columns, and its floors consist of steel panels with integrated service conduits, with concrete poured on top. The windows are fashioned with interlocking frames, eliminating the need for visible mullions. Mullions are placed at every third bay anyway, grooved to allow for use by window-cleaning equipment. The lobby area at the plaza level is rectangle recessed entirely beneath the bulk of the tower, with the overhanging sections of the tower supported by splayed steel beams.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by the nationally renowned architect Max Abramovitz of Harrison & Abramovitz, whose previous work included coordinating the work on the United Nations headquarters and Avery Fisher Hall at Lincoln Center. The contractor was George A. Fuller Company. Groundbreaking was in 1961, with construction complete in November 1963. The building has been an architectural landmark in the city since its construction, occupying a highly-visible location near the Connecticut River and major highways.</p><br>
<p>The William Brown House, also known as London Town Publik House or Londontowne Public House, is a former Colonial tavern located in the Historic London Town and Gardens museum complex in Woodland Beach, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Completed in 1764, it is one of the best-preserved examples of a colonial-era brick tavern house. From 1828 to 1965 the structure was used as a county alms house. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The William Brown House is located northeast of the Woodland Beach community in Edgewater, Maryland, at the end of Londontown Road</p><br>
<p>The William Brown House is a two-story brick structure with an elevated basement, seven bays wide and three deep. The hipped roof is cut off to form a deck or terrace with a massive chimney at each end. Windows in the front (south) facade are topped by brick flat arches, while windows in the rear and ends have segmental arches. Windows are nine-over-nine sashes at the first floor and nine-over-six at the second floor. A three-bay-wide pedimented pavilion projects from the center of the main facade, containing the main entrance and approached by a flight of brick and stone steps. The house is unique in its use of all-header-bond on all four sides.</p><br>
<p>The interior features a wide living hall extending from front to back, intersected at its midpoint by smaller side halls leading to doors in the ends of the house. The rear (north) portion of the hall contains a fireplace and was used as a living space, while the front portion contains the stairs. Four equal-sized rooms are located in the corners formed by the hall arrangement. There are doors in each of the four elevations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The William Brown House was built by William Brown between 1758 and 1764. It was located on the main road connecting Williamsburg, Virginia and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The South River was crossed at that point by a ferry, which was also owned by Brown. It was part of a community of about 100 lots, of which it is the only substantial survivor. The house was an extravagance for Brown, and his debts eventually caused him to convey the house and property to the estate of James Dick, who had lent Brown the money for the house and lots. The house was acquired by the county for use as a poorhouse in 1828, a role it served until 1965. It is presently a museum, operated by the London Town Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Justin Smith Morrill Homestead is the historic Carpenter Gothic home of United States Senator Justin Smith Morrill  in Strafford, Vermont, and was one of the first declared National Historic Landmarks, in 1960. It is located at 214 Justin Morrill Highway, south of the village green of Strafford. The homestead is a Vermont State Historic Site owned by the Vermont Division for Historic Preservation, a state agency, and is open for tours from May to October.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Morrill Homestead is set on 3 acre of land on the east side of Justin Morrill Memorial Highway, just south of the village green and the heart of Strafford Village. The property includes, in addition to the main house, several barns and sheds as outbuildings, and is set off from the road by a flush-boarded fence with granite posts, all painted a reddish color.</p><br>
<p>The main house is a rambling -story wood-frame structure, set on a brick foundation. The walls are finished in flushboarding, and it has a steeply-pitched slate roof. Portions of the roof are decorated with vergeboard, finials, and crenellated parapets. The interior features elaborate mahogany woodwork, and is predominantly Gothic Revival in character (matching the building&#39;s exterior), although the main parlor is more Greek Revival in character. Original furnishings and Morrill family possessions remain in the house, from the furniture to linens and kitchen implements. The interior walls have seen only minimal alterations, which have generally been limited to maintenance such as new coats of paint. Exterior alterations are similarly modest, including the replacement of rotted trim elements with matching materials.</p><br>
<p>The main construction phase of the house was between 1848 and 1851, and was personally overseen by Justin Morrill to his own design. Its year of completion was also the year of Morrill&#39;s marriage to Ruth Barrell Swan, with whom he had two children. Morrill primarily used the house as a summer residence, as a spent much of his time in Washington, DC, where he died in 1898. The property remained in the Morrill family, with little alteration, until World War II, when the property was sold to a concern planning to establish a boarding school. This plan was quickly shelved, and the house was then acquired by preservationists, who sold it to the state in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Morrill&#39;s primary legacy to the nation consists of two landmark pieces of legislation, both bearing his name. The Morrill Land-Grant Acts of 1862 and 1890 respective established and expanded on the concept of the land-grant university, by which the federal government gave land (and in the 1890 act, funding) to the states for the establishment of universities. These acts made possible the establishment of a significant number of state-run universities, as well as a few private schools that were contracted to the state to fulfill the requirements needed to receive the federal grants.</p><br>
<p>Other significant accomplishments by Morrill during his long tenure in Congress include seeing through the completion of the Washington Monument, the construction of the Library of Congress Building, and the landscaping of the United States Capitol Building grounds.</p><br>
<p>The T.G. Richards and Company Store, also known as Whatcom County Territorial Courthouse, is the first and oldest brick building in the state of Washington, United States, and is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-story brick building was built in 1858 by the partnership of Thomas G. Richards and his brother Charles E. Richards, for a cost of US $8,000. A note in one of Howard Buswell&#39;s files, located in the Center for Pacific Northwest Studies, identifies John Alexander (a prominent settler on Whidbey Island) as being in charge of the construction. It was initially used as a storehouse of the T. G. Richards Company, supplying those stopping in what was then the town of Whatcom, Washington Territory, on their way to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. The building was constructed of brick manufactured in San Francisco. In Spring of 2012, the bricks were scientifically matched to a Nagle brick fragment. Nagle was an early brick maker in the city. The bark Ann Parry brought the bricks to Bellingham Bay on July 16, 1858. The Daily Alta California Shipping Intelligence listed her carrying 100,000 bricks and 73 barrels of lime. A second ship, the DM Hall, may have brought the windows and doors. In 1863, the building was sold to Whatcom County for the price of US$2,000, to be used as the (third) County Courthouse for Whatcom County. Court matters such as trials were handled in Port Townsend, not Whatcom. However, the building has become known as the "Territorial Courthouse", because of its role as the county courthouse in the days before statehood. In addition, the building served as the jail, and in 1873, became the home of the Bellingham Bay Mail newspaper. By 1877, a pharmacy was being run on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>Originally being bounded by the tide flats of the bay, in 1874 a breakwater was added in to protect the buildings foundation from the sea. In 1883, a vault, and five additional jail cells were added. In 1889 the building was deemed unsafe for use, and the county government offices and jail were moved to temporary quarters nearby. (In 1891 the county moved into the new courthouse on "G" Street, constructed of Chuckanut sandstone.) In 1890-1891, the Womens Relief Corps (WRC), an organization benefiting veterans of the American Civil War, began to rent the building. By 1906, Whatcom County had deeded the building into the private sector, when it was sold to members of the Grand Army of the Republic, J. B. Steadman Post No. 24, and the WRC. The building has since seen the tide flats filled in, resulting in the rise of E Street, so that the first floor has become the basement, and the second floor becoming the ground floor. Later occupants include the members of the Junior Order of United American Mechanics, a Jehovahs Witness Church, Akers Taxidermy, The Northwest Passage (a 60s - 70s alternative newspaper), Base Camp, and lastly, a home to different artists and pottery makers. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The building was sold in 2019. A complete period restoration was completed in 2020. The building now houses the Helen Loggie Museum of Art which opened in 2021.</p><br>
<p>The Cleveland House is located in Versailles, Kentucky. Originally the Cleveland Orphan Home, it was an orphanage that incorporated in 1869, remaining in operation until the 1950s. The original 1875 house was made of brick in classic revival style architecture. The current structure was built in 1926, a 2½-story Dutch Colonial Revival building on the main foundation of the earlier house.</p><br>
<p>The current building is home of The Woodford Inn, a 10-room bed and breakfast inn. Prior to becoming The Woodford Inn, it was The Cleveland Home, a residential facility for girls through age 17, until its closure in 2005.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Old Albany Post Road is a 6.6 mi dirt road in Philipstown, New York, one of the oldest unpaved roads still in use in the United States. It runs mostly north-south through the southeastern corner of the town, near the Putnam Valley town line. Starting from an intersection with Sprout Brook Road at Continental Village just north of the Putnam-Westchester county line, it ends at an oblique junction with US 9 east of Garrison.</p><br>
<p>As the least improved section of the original Albany Post Road, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1982. Its history as a formal road dates to the mid-17th century, when it was built on established Native American trails. Later it would see military use, particularly by the Continental Army during the Revolution, and commercial use as part of a stagecoach route. Some of the milestones placed during the early years of American independence to more accurately calculate postal rates are still present and have been preserved and restored. It is still in public use and maintained by the town. The town has recently angered some of the residents by proposing to pave the road.</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>Old Albany Post Road passes through heavily wooded and lightly populated country along the southeastern edge of the Hudson Highlands. Houses, many on large lots, are the only development along the road, and there are no settlements along its length. The countryside is rugged, with the road going up and down several hills. Some areas are scenic, with meadows and views of the nearby hills and mountains.</p><br>
<p>It branches off to the northwest at the point where Gallows Hill Road becomes Sprout Brook Road. From there it takes a west-northwestward, meandering course at first, narrowing almost to one lane at some points and climbing steadily to where the Catskill Aqueduct crosses, but soon bends to the north-northeast and widens. It climbs and then descends over the next two miles (3 km) to the Lake Celeste area, where it becomes more northerly. Then it bends to the northeast again, going up and down several hills through mostly undeveloped areas, to Chapman Road, where the Appalachian Trail crosses.</p><br>
<p>Out of that intersection it resumes its northward course, traversing around Fort Defiance Mountain, to Canopus Hill Road. There it turns to the northwest. At the corner of Travis Corners Road, a monument explains the historical importance of the road. From here it runs almost straight north-northwest past some farms and more open land to cross Philipse Brook at the junction with Philipse Brook Road.</p><br>
<p>Beyond, the road remains mostly straight and northwestward, eventually returning to more wooded country along a ridgetop where the southwestern corner of Clarence Fahnestock State Park is nearby. It then turns more to the west and descends to the intersection with Indian Brook Road, near the Bird and Bottle Inn. From here it parallels nearby Route 9, reaching some more developed areas until it finally ends with a merge onto the highway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>All of the major work of building and widening the road was done during the colonial era. Old Albany Post Road has not seen much change since the mid-18th century. Later improvements in transportation technology diverted traffic away from it and have helped to preserve the road in its historic form.</p><br>
<h3>Colonial era</h3><br>
<p>In 1669 the government of New Netherland designated a postal route between what would later be New York City and Albany, the colony&#39;s two most important cities at the time. It was little more than a narrow path in many places, following old trails used by the Wiccoppe and Wappinger tribes, who often carried the mail, starting two years later. The longest stretch included part of the current Old Albany Post Road. The colony eventually became the English Province of New York, and in 1703 its legislative body provided for the postal road to be a "public and common general highway" along the same route, starting in Kingsbridge and ending at a ferry landing in present-day Rensselaer.</p><br>
<p>As it became the main route between the two cities, local commerce began to serve the long-distance travelers. Inns are recorded along the road as early as the 1730s, when it was first widened for military use. The best-known, John Warren&#39;s Tavern, was built in 1756 and remains in use today as the Bird and Bottle Inn restaurant at the junction with Indian Brook Road.</p><br>
<p>The road received major improvements when the British Army realized it needed to improve defenses against the French to the north in New France (todays Quebec). In 1754, it was widened again and trees were cleared to allow the transport of troops and materiel in greater numbers. Milestones were first known to have been placed in 1763, sometime after Benjamin Franklin, who had advocated their use, was appointed the colonies Joint Postmaster General.</p><br>
<p>After the French and Indian War, it would be used against the British by George Washington&#39;s Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. He retreated to what was named Continental Village after the Battle of White Plains and the road remained fortified and defended throughout the war, used as a supply route, and often traveled by Washington and his officers. It was surveyed during the war and the first map published. Its milestone locations are not the extant ones.</p><br>
<h3>18th and 19th centuries</h3><br>
<p>After the war, the new state began making further use of the road. A regular stagecoach route was chartered along the road by the legislature in 1785, and the mileposts were upgraded by the end of the century. By then a regular mail route was in place, with riders going up the east side of the river and down another road on the west side on a weekly basis.</p><br>
<p>In 1789 a new survey was taken and the old maps revised. These match todays known milestone locations along the entire former length of the road. A decade later, New Yorks Act to Regulate the Highways directed every county highway superintendent to place stone mile markers along the road. By the next year all the remaining mileposts had been placed.</p><br>
<p>A private company built the Highlands Turnpike to the west, in more level country, and opened it in 1806. This diverted traffic away from the section north of Peekskill through Continental Village and past the lakes. Iron mining at Hopper Lake in the 1820s partially replaced it, and the stage route was not changed. The old road fell into further disuse when the turnpike became a public highway in 1833 and it was no longer needed as a shunpike. The completion of the Hudson River Railroad to Albany in 1850 made the road obsolete as a commercial and postal artery, and stage service ended.</p><br>
<h3>20th and 21st centuries</h3><br>
<p>Old Albany Post Road briefly assumed more than local importance once more in the 1910s, when the New York City water supply system was expanded to bring water to the city from Ashokan Reservoir in the Catskills. The road provided access to a section of the Catskill Aqueduct, and shops, housing and bars were built along it to shelter and serve the construction workers. A decade later, Highlands Turnpike, by then the main north-south route through the county, was paved and formally designated as Route 9.</p><br>
<p>In 1921 a monument to the "Mothers of the Revolution" was placed at the southern end. Homes and farms along the road were electrified in 1935 due to the efforts of the newly created Rural Electrification Administration, adding utility poles to the landscape. A portion of the road near Travis Corners was surfaced in tar and gravel in the 20th century. Beyond that, it remains as it was in the mid-18th century. Following its NRHP listing, a group called the Old Road Society of Philipstown (ORSP) was formed to help preserve and promote it. Its membership is open to residents along the road and intersecting dirt roads.</p><br>
<p>The town has, in recent years, raised the possibility of paving it, saying it would be cheaper to maintain and silts up a paralleling brook through erosion. This has divided residents along Old Albany Post Road. Opponents point to its historic designation, character and rural charm, which would be lost if it were surfaced. Proponents, many near the roads southern end, cite public safety concerns such as inaccessibility for police and fire vehicles during washouts in heavy storms like the April 2007 Noreaster, which left craters four feet (1.3 m) deep in front of some driveways. The Federal Emergency Management Agency has given the town a grant to repair it, although it has not been decided whether it will be used for pavement or not.</p><br>
<p>In November 2012, a local newspaper Philipstown.Info (now The Highlands Current) revealed that the Town of Philipstown budget contained proposed expenditures for paving sections of the towns historic dirt roads including 5300 feet of Old Albany Post Road in 2013-14 and an additional 7580 feet to be paved within 5 years. Until the paper revealed this information, residents of the road were unaware of the towns grand plans. The Philipstown Board cited three reasons for paving; the cost of maintaining dirt roads are too expensive, degradation of water quality in nearby streams, and safety. If this plan were undertaken the Old Albany Post Road would lose almost 2.5 miles of historic road. Sections that the town wants to pave include two important historic areas; Saunders Farm and the hill that runs north to the famous revolutionary era Bird and Bottle Inn. There is considerable opposition to paving by local residents and a contentious town board workshop was held for Philipstown residents on January 16, 2013. Those in opposition to paving cite the historic, aesthetic, cultural, and recreational importance of leaving the road untouched. Many residents and an expert engineer presented information documenting that sound dirt road maintenance practices have not been utilized by the Town of Philipstown and if they were adopted would lead to cost savings, improvement in water quality, and thus preserve the historic nature of the road. Additionally other dirt road residents pointed out that drivers on dirt roads travel at significantly lower speeds reducing mortality in pedestrian vehicle accidents. It was also pointed out that the Town of Philipstown could be in violation of state bonding laws if they were to pave as proposed with merely a thin coat of asphalt and no substructure preparation.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing historic resources</h2><br>
<p>The entire 66 ft right-of-way authorized in 1703 is included in the NRHP listing. This means that many other aspects of the structure, like the adjacent stone walls and shade trees, are considered contributing resources to the designation. The milestones are all included, even number 52, which is actually located on Gallows Hill Road slightly to the south of the fork at Sprout Hill.</p><br>
<p>Some of the buildings along the road have been noted for their historic value by the ORSP. The Bird and Bottle Inn is a contributing property to the Indian Brook Road Historic District, which itself includes part of the road as one of its contributing properties. In the two-mile (3.2 km) section to its south there is also a Civil War-era farmhouse and a 1770s inn, both of which have seen more recent additions. Opposite Lake Celeste is Pine Run Farm, which dates to 1800.</p><br>
<p>The Storm King Highway is a three-mile  segment of New York State Route 218  between Lee Road in the Town of Highlands at the south end and the Cornwall-on-Hudson village line in Orange County, New York, in the United States. It was built in 1916 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 in recognition of its accomplishment in civil engineering.</p><br>
<p>It is so named because it winds around the steep slopes of Storm King Mountain near its north end of the Hudson Highlands on the west bank of the Hudson River. Here it reaches heights of up to 420 ft above the water, with panoramic views of the river and surrounding mountains such as Breakneck Ridge and Bull Hill.</p><br>
<p>Several small pullouts allow drivers to stop and enjoy the view. When built it took 22 mi off the trip between Cornwall and Newburgh to its north with Highland Falls and West Point to its south. It remains in use by commuters, though a bypass, now part of US 9W, was built, further shortening travel times while still offering panoramic views.</p><br>
<h2>Route description</h2><br>
<p>Storm King Highway is a two-lane 22 ft asphalt-paved road with double yellow lines forbidding passing along its entire 21,000 ft length. Its grade never exceeds 7%, and it is bounded along the river side with a rubblestone wall. No buildings of any type are located along the road, nor is there any intersection save those for state park trailheads. There are chainlink gates at either end.</p><br>
<p>Maintenance responsibilities are divided. The southern section is kept up by the New York State Department of Transportation as it is a state highway, while the Palisades Interstate Park Commission (PIPC) takes care of the northern section as it runs through Storm King State Park.</p><br>
<p>Due to hazards of rockfall as well as avalanches and falling ice, the road is closed by the state Department of Transportation during periods of heavy rain or snow. In 1934, a landslide on Storm King Mountain crossed the highway and resulted in three fatalities and the destruction of three automobiles.</p><br>
<p>At least one motorist has died on the highway due to a snow avalanche. The incident occurred at roughly the hour in which DOT workers closed the road during a 1993 snowstorm. The victim&#39;s estate and a survivor was later awarded damages in a lawsuit against the state.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Since the early days of settlement, the Highlands had long been a major obstacle to travel between Cornwall and the communities to its south. In 1913 state highway commissioner Gordon Reel began to think seriously about building a new road to connect them after heavy lobbying by local business and community groups. The idea he ultimately decided on, a road along the side of Storm King Mountain, was estimated to cost $400,000</p><br>
<p>($ in 2008 dollars), far more than his department had funds available for, so the legislature had to make a special appropriation.</p><br>
<p>After three years, during which surveyors sometimes had to rappel down the mountain&#39;s cliffs to mark the route, construction began in 1916. The original idea to build a tunnel was changed to a road cut into the side as lighting it would have been too expensive and it would have missed the most scenic aspects of the road. Accordingly, the specifications for the project were changed. The planned road was widened from 16 to 18 ft, with a three-foot (1 m) concrete gutter.</p><br>
<p>The difficulties of building one of New Yorks first public roads designed for automotive use were compounded by having to make sure that debris did not hamper the operations of the New York Central Railroads West Shore Line, which ran along the river&#39;s edge below. Dislodged boulders sometimes blocked the tracks or landed on cars, damaging them and their contents. The first contractor hired for the job soon went bankrupt; they were replaced by the John L. Hayes Company of Yonkers. Hayes, too, found the going tough, especially when USA entry into World War I dried up the labor supply. The PIPC soon stepped in and renegotiated the contract to account for the difficulties caused to Hayes by the unforeseen circumstance of war.</p><br>
<p>When it was opened in 1922 it shortened the distance required to travel by automobile from Newburgh to West Point, which are 10 miles (16 km) apart as the crow flies, by 22 miles (34 km). It remains a well-used commuter route for employees of the United States Military Academy who live in Cornwall. They must use alternate routes when the gates are closed, as they were for over a year following 1999 forest fires on Storm King and its vicinity.</p><br>
<p>In summer of 2011 New York&#39;s Department of Transportation (DOT) closed the highway to vehicular traffic for four hours on Sundays to allow pedestrians and bicyclists to enjoy it freely. Up to 600 people took advantage of the closures on some of those days. Citing that success, DOT announced in September that it was extending the closures through November.</p><br>
<p>Following a flash flood in July 2023, an entire section of the highway, including both lanes and the retaining wall, was washed out.</p><br>
<p>The Marathon County Historical Museum is museum located in Wausau, Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located in the Cyrus Carpenter Yawkey House, a house listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The house is a significant example of Classical Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Yawkey</h2><br>
<p>The house was the home of prominent citizen, Cyrus C. Yawkey. Yawkey was a co-owner of a firm in Saginaw, Michigan, before moving to Wausau to purchase large tracts of land for lumber. He later owned numerous local businesses, was a member of the Wisconsin Legislature, and led the Wausau Group, which invested in new businesses like paper mills around Wausau as pine timber dwindled.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1900 to 1901, designed in Beaux-Arts Classical style by Van Ryn & DeGelleke of Milwaukee. Six years later Yawkey hired prominent Prairie School architect George W. Maher to remodel the house. He remodeled the first floor interior in a style closer to Prairie School, added a sun porch, and added two stories to the back of the structure. Yawkey died in 1943. His wife Alice lived in the house until she died in 1953. Their daughter, philanthropist Leigh Yawkey Woodson, donated the house to the Marathon County Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The first floor contains the foyer, living room, dining room, Cyruss office, a sun porch, and the ladies parlor with authentic furniture from the beginning of the 20th century. There is also a kitchen with a back staircase, a pantry and former servants dining room, and a half bath. The second floor contains the Yawkeys bedroom (with an attached bathroom), Leighs bedroom (with attached sitting room and bathroom), a guest room, another bedroom, a servants bedroom, and an additional bath off the main upstairs hallway. The staircase features large, stained-glass windows. Cyruss den, part of Leighs suite, the sun porch, and the small bump out which was built onto the dining room, all designed by George Maher, were added eight years after the Yawkeys moved in. On the third floor are servants bedrooms, a bathroom, and a ballroom. There are formal gardens on the grounds and a carriage house with servants quarters above. When the house was donated to the city in the 1950s, many of the second and third floor walls were torn down, the space being used for rotating exhibits. The second and third floors no longer house rotating exhibits. The house was restored to near original condition in the early 2000s.</p><br>
<h2>Museum library</h2><br>
<p>The Marathon County Historical Museum Library is located across the street at the Woodson mansion. The Woodson mansion, designed by architect George W. Maher, was the home of Leigh Yawkey Woodson and her husband Aytchmonde Perrin Woodson. The library contains information about the history of the county.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The houses are part of the Andrew Warren Historic District, which contains 62 historic buildings, mainly homes.</p><br>
<p>Mound Cemetery in Marietta, Ohio, is a historic cemetery developed around the base of a prehistoric Adena burial mound known as the Great Mound or Conus. The city founders preserved the Great Mound from destruction by establishing the city cemetery around it in 1801.</p><br>
<p>The city of Marietta was developed in 1788 by pioneers from Massachusetts, soon after the American Revolutionary War and organization of the Northwest Territory. Many of the founders were officers of the Revolutionary War who had received federal land grants for military services. Among high-ranking officers buried at the cemetery are generals Rufus Putnam and Benjamin Tupper, who were founders of the Ohio Company of Associates; as well as Commodore Abraham Whipple and Colonel William Stacy. The cemetery has the highest number of burials of American Revolutionary War officers in the country.</p><br>
<h2>Great Mound or Conus</h2><br>
<p>The conical Great Mound at Mound Cemetery is part of an Ohio Hopewell culture mound complex known as the Marietta Earthworks. Archaeologists estimate that it was built between 100 BC and 500 AD. Early European American settlers gave the structures Latin names. The complex includes the Sacra Via (meaning "sacred way"), three walled enclosures, the Quadranaou, Capitolium (meaning "capital") and at least two other additional platform mounds, and the Conus burial mound and its accompanying ditch and embankment. The complex was surveyed and drawn in 1838 by Samuel R. Curtis (at the time a civil engineer for the state of Ohio). This survey was incorrectly attributed to Charles Whittlesey by E. G. Squier and E.H. Davis in their Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1848. At the time the complex "included a large square enclosure surrounding four flat-topped pyramidal mounds, another smaller square, and a circular enclosure with a large burial mound at its center."</p><br>
<p>The Conus mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1973 as the Mound Cemetery Mound, site listing number 73001549.</p><br>
<h2>American Revolutionary War soldiers</h2><br>
<p>The city of Marietta was developed in 1788 by migrant pioneers from Massachusetts, soon after the American Revolutionary War and organization of the Northwest Territory. The cemetery has the highest number of burials of American Revolutionary War officers in the country. The original pioneers, city founders from the Ohio Company of Associates, preserved the Great Mound from destruction by establishing the city cemetery around it.</p><br>
<p>Many of the founders were officers of the Revolutionary War who had received federal land grants for military services. Among high-ranking officers buried at the cemetery are generals Rufus Putnam and Benjamin Tupper, who were founders of the Ohio Company of Associates; as well as Commodore Abraham Whipple and Colonel William Stacy.</p><br>
<p>In 1825, General Lafayette of France, who fought with the Americans during the Revolution, visited Marietta. He said of the city&#39;s veterans: "I knew them well. I saw them fighting the battles of their country... They were the bravest of the brave. Better men never lived."</p><br>
<p>The Washington County Historical Society compiled the a list of Revolutionary soldiers buried in Mound Cemetery, notable persons in that list shown below:</p><br>
<p>Col. Robert Taylor, first burial in the cemetery</p><br>
<p>Gen. Rufus Putnam</p><br>
<p>Griffin Greene, Sr., Quartermaster</p><br>
<p>Commodore Abraham Whipple</p><br>
<p>Col. Ebenezer Sproat</p><br>
<p>Col. William Stacy, Sr.</p><br>
<p>Gen. Benjamin Tupper</p><br>
<p>Maj. Anselm Tupper</p><br>
<p>Capt. Nathaniel Saltonstall</p><br>
<p>Samuel Hildreth, Sr. (father of Samuel Prescott Hildreth, also buried here)</p><br>
<p>The books of Samuel Prescott Hildreth (1783–1863), buried here, provide insight into the early history of Marietta and the Northwest Territory, and the lives of the soldiers and early pioneer settlers.</p><br>
<p>Major General James Mitchell Varnum (1748–1789) was originally buried in the Mound Cemetery. His remains were later moved to Oak Grove Cemetery in Marietta.</p><br>
<p>The Uxbridge Common District is located in downtown Uxbridge, Massachusetts. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Historic buildings in this district include the Uxbridge Academy, Uxbridge Free Public Library, the Deborah A. Wheelock House, a blacksmith shop, the First Congregational Church, and the Unitarian Church.</p><br>
<h2>Uxbridge Academy</h2><br>
<p>The Uxbridge Academy was a prestigious New England preparatory institution in the early 19th century which graduated a number of prominent citizens, including Marcus Spring, Colonel John Capron, Moses Taft, George B. Boomer, and Richard Sayles. Famous Historian and writer William Augustus Mowry wrote a historical sketch about Uxbridge Academy. Joshua Mason Macomber, A.M., M.D., was the principal of Uxbridge Academy from 1840-1850. This was said to be the "Palmy" period of the academy under the direction of this successful educator. The Uxbridge Academy developed a widespread reputation during his tenure and attracted hundreds of students from communities in at least six states. The building that housed Uxbridge Academy still stands on the Town Common in Uxbridge, Massachusetts, and currently houses the Masonic Lodge. The Uxbridge academy began in 1818 as a secondary school in an upstairs location.</p><br>
<h2>The Uxbridge Common Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The historic town of Uxbridge, first settled in 1662, has more than 60 houses of the Federalist period and is a repository of unique early American history. The Uxbridge Common District includes a number of buildings from different periods and architectural designs. These include the Uxbridge Academy, 1818, which is a Federalist style building and now houses the Masonic Lodge, The Congregational Church, rebuilt here in the 1830s from its original site across the street, the Public Library 1870s, the blacksmith shop, 1780s, The Unitarian Church, The Uxbridge Inn, 1882, some older homes including "The Daughters of the American Revolution House", circa 1769, which is known as the "Deborah A. Wheelock House". Many older buildings in the town are of the Federalist architecture style, but there is also Georgian architecture, Italianate architecture, Greek Revival architecture, Gothic architecture, Queen Anne style architecture in the United States, Late Victorian architecture, and more.</p><br>
<p>The former First Church of Christ, Scientist, now the Little Rock Community Church, is a historic church building at 2000 South Louisiana Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a single-story Mission style building, designed by noted Arkansas architect John Parks Almand and completed in 1919. Characteristics of the Mission style include the low-pitch tile hip roof, overhanging eaves with exposed rafter ends, and smooth plaster walls. The building also has modest Classical features, found in pilaster capitals and medallions of plaster and terra cotta. The building is local significant for its architecture. It was built for the local Christian Science congregation, which in 1950 sold it to an Evangelical Methodist congregation. That congregation has since severed its association with the Evangelical Methodist movement, and is now known as the Little Rock Community Church.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, and was included in a 1988 expansion of the Governor&#39;s Mansion Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Cowell Lime Works, in Santa Cruz, California, was a manufacturing complex that quarried limestone, produced lime and other limestone products, and manufactured wood barrels for transporting the finished lime. Part of its area is preserved as the Cowell Lime Works Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the four lime kilns, cooperage and other features relating to lime manufacture, the Historic District also includes other structures associated with the Cowell Ranch, including barns, a blacksmith shop, ranch house, cook house and workers&#39; cabins. The 32-acre (130,000 m2) Historic District is located within the University of California, Santa Cruz campus, to either side of the main campus entrance.</p><br>
<p>The site gets its name from the Cowell family, which owned and operated the lime works, quarries, ranch and large tracts of surrounding timber lands. Industrialist Henry Cowell acquired the ranch and the lime works in the late 19th century. He and his descendants remained owners of the ranch until the death of S. H. (Harry) Cowell, youngest of Henrys five children and last surviving member of the family, in 1955. Cowells vast estate went to the S. H. Cowell Foundation, still in existence today. The Foundation sold part of the ranch property to the University of California for the creation of the new UC Santa Cruz campus, which opened in 1965. Several of the original ranch buildings have been renovated into university offices. The universitys Womens Center is hosted at the Cardiff House, formerly the residence of ranch manager George H. Cardiff.</p><br>
<p>The Cowell Lime Works is just one of many former lime-making sites scattered around north-western Santa Cruz County. Other sites featuring old lime kilns and quarries can be seen in the Fall Creek Unit of Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park, Wilder Ranch State Park and Pogonip (a Santa Cruz greenbelt area).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lime works was originally developed, in the early 1850s, by partners Isaac E. Davis and Albion P. Jordan. Two of the thousands drawn to California by the discovery of gold, both arrived in San Francisco in 1849. They met during the next couple of years, and concluded that lime manufacturing offered more opportunities than gold mining. The rapid population growth in northern California at this time greatly increased demand for lime, used to make mortar for the new brick buildings.</p><br>
<p>The partners came to Santa Cruz around 1853, where they found an abundance of high-quality limestone and proximity to shipping facilities. The firm of Davis and Jordan leased some of the future Cowell ranch property, began quarrying operations, built lime kilns, a cooperage, ranch house, and other structures, and began shipping lime in late 1853. They built a new road (present day Bay Street) between the kilns and the wharf, which descended to Monterey Bay from the bluffs near the famous Santa Cruz surf spot known as Steamer Lane. Their success soon allowed them to buy the lime works land and the wharf they used for shipping. In 1856, they built a new longer wharf and a second ship. About this time, Davis moved to San Francisco, where the company established a sales office and warehouse facilities. Jordan stayed in Santa Cruz to oversee that end of the business.</p><br>
<p>In the next decade, Jordans health began to decline, and he sold his half of the company to Henry Cowell in 1865. With the firm renamed Davis and Cowell, Henry Cowell and his family moved to Santa Cruz, where he took over Jordans former duties. After Davis died in 1888, Cowell acquired full ownership of the company, and it became Henry Cowell and Co. Operations and land acquisitions continued to expand over the next twenty years; encompassing expanded lime production, cattle and milk cows, bituminous rock mining, tan oak bark (used in leather tanning), grain and fruit. In 1898, the company incorporated as the Henry Cowell Lime and Cement Company. The transition to Portland cement, which could be used to manufacture mortar superior to lime-based mortar, began the decline of the lime industry after the start of the 20th century. Henry Cowell&#39;s son Harry finally shut down the Bay Street kilns in about 1920.</p><br>
<p>By the time UC Santa Cruz opened in 1965, many of the mostly wooden lime works structures had been unoccupied for over twenty years and were in poor condition. The ranch buildings were in better shape, having been used into the 1950s. The university began to renovate some of these and adapt them for campus uses. A horse barn became the Barn Theater in 1968; the cookhouse became the admissions office; the blacksmith shop became an art studio, the ranch house (Cardiff House) houses the universitys Womens Center, and so on.</p><br>
<h2>Lime Works restoration</h2><br>
<p>The continued deterioration of the unused structures prompted local citizens and the university staff to launch an effort to restore and preserve them. An organization called the Friends of the Cowell Lime Works Historic District was established to help achieve these goals. The Friends, whose members include faculty, staff, students, alumni, and members of the general public, have stabilized the cooperage structure, conducted archaeological studies of the site, and begun restoration of six workers&#39; cabins. A self-guided walking tour brochure is available on their website.</p><br>
<p>Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist, located at 134 Polk Avenue in New Orleans, Louisiana, is an historic structure that on July 19, 2002, was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Built in 1912, it was formerly the Lakeview Presbyterian Church. Like the rest of the Lakeview section of New Orleans, it was damaged in the levee failure disaster during Hurricane Katrina in 2005. It has been rebuilt.</p><br>
<h2>National register listing</h2><br>
<p>Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist (added 2002 - Building - #02000782)</p><br>
<p>Originally built as Lakeview Presbyterian Church</p><br>
<p>134 Polk Ave., New Orleans</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Bungalow/Craftsman, Gothic Revival</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1925-1949</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>The Ellen Stone Building, built in 1833, is an historic Greek Revival style building located at 735 Massachusetts Avenue in Lexington, Massachusetts. It was originally a meeting hall and lyceum for East Lexington, which had its own civic identity and, later, its own church, the neighboring Follen Community Church. Notable speakers at the Lyceum included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Charles Sumner, Wendell Phillips, Theodore Parker, Lucy Stone, Josiah Quincy Jr. and possibly Henry David Thoreau. Emerson notably served as a minister in the building for three years prior to the building of Follen Community Church.</p><br>
<p>The building was deeded to the Trustees of the Cary Memorial Library for $2,000 in 1891, by Ellen Stone, granddaughter of Eli Robbins, who built it, and it was named after her. After her death in 1944, she bequeathed $2,000 to the Town for a fund to aid needy and deserving girls in pursuit of education. The East Lexington branch library which had been established in 1883, occupied it until the building was closed for repairs in 2007.</p><br>
<p>In 1945 a demolition permit was issued for the building followed by several attempts to find a new site on which to locate it. Ultimately it was renovated as the East Branch of Cary Memorial Library in 1947.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>A non-profit 501(c)(3) organization, The, was incorporated on March 3, 2023, to promote the restoration of the building and to return it to use as a modern-day lyceum as recommended in the 2022 Stone Building Feasibility/Re-Use Committee report.</p><br>
<p>On March 29, 2023, Lexington Town Meeting approved $400k to fund a design study to explore restoration of the building.</p><br>
<p>In August 2020, the Lexington Select Board revived the proposal for the Ad Hoc Stone Building Feasibility/Re-Use Committee to find a purpose for this historic building after being unused for 13 years.</p><br>
<p>In February 2009, the Cary Memorial Library Board of Trustees announced their decision to use the Stone Building as a Lexington Heritage Center which never came to fruition.</p><br>
<p>In August, 2007, the building suffered damage from burst pipes, and was closed for repairs. The East Lexington Library never reopened.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St. James the Less is a historic Episcopal church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that was architecturally influential. As St. James-the-Less Episcopal Church, it was designated a National Historic Landmark for its Gothic Revival architecture, which influenced a generation of subsequent churches.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Philanthropist and merchant Robert Ralston wanted to found a church near his land on Ridge Road, but died shortly before this church&#39;s founding. His friend Samuel Jarvis had helped found the General Theological Seminary in New York and knew about the Cambridge Camden Society. This congregation was admitted to the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania on 22 May 1846 and on 26 September 1846, took the corporate name of "Rector, Church Wardens and Vestrymen of St. James the Less." The new congregation acquired land from nearby Laurel Hill Cemetery and wanted to build a church that could serve not only the wealthy families with mansions overlooking the Schuylkill River or on Hunting Park Avenue, but also working-class people of the nearby industrial neighborhood now known as Allegheny West.</p><br>
<p>The parish was traditionally Tractarian or High Church in churchmanship orientation. It did not install gas lighting in 1869, but did allow oil lamps to replace the original candles circa 1885. Further modernization occurred in the early 20th century, including not only the tower and chimes (dedicated 1910) but also electric lighting and central heat circa 1913. Documents exist concerning its Anglo-Catholic practices in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was added to the list of National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985. The National Park Service called it "the first example of the pure English Parish church style in America, and one of the best examples of a 19th-century American Gothic church for its coherence and authenticity of design. Its influence on the major architects of the Gothic Revival in the United States was profound."</p><br>
<p>Later American churches on the National Register of Historic Places influenced by St. James design include All Saints Memorial Church (Navesink, New Jersey) (designed by Richard Upjohn first President of the American Institute of Architects) and St. Peter&#39;s Episcopal Church (Neligh, Nebraska).</p><br>
<p>Set on the edge of a hill, north of Mount Vernon Cemetery and east of Laurel Hill Cemetery, the setting for the church is no longer rural. West Hunting Park Avenue, a major artery, is just beyond the churchyard&#39;s south wall, and industrial buildings lie to the west. Now, however, the shady and quiet churchyard is considered an urban oasis.</p><br>
<p>The Wanamaker Memorial Bell Tower and mausoleum (1908), designed by John T. Windrim, houses a set of J.C. Deagan, Inc. tower chimes and a chime of bells by the McShane foundry. A parish hall, which later housed the parish school, was built on the opposite side of West Clearfield Street.</p><br>
<h2>Current parish(es)</h2><br>
<p>The congregation of St. James the Less began withholding diocesan payments in protest over the ordination of women. After the bishop refused to renew the preaching license of assistant the Rev. Arthur Willis in 1999, the congregation attempted to form a nonprofit corporation and transfer the church property into it.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the diocese initiated litigation to seize its property and two years later the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas ruled that the attempted merger was ultra vires and invalid. The breakaway congregation lost two subsequent appeals, first to Commonwealth Court and then to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>After the Supreme Court&#39;s decision, the Diocese assumed control of the St. James property.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the dioceses Standing Committee voted to allow historic St. Marks Church in Philadelphia&#39;s center city neighborhood to adopt the Church of St. James the Less as a mission. Weekly celebration of Mass resumed on Sundays at 5:00 pm. The breakaway congregation largely entered the Roman Catholic Church under the provision of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of St. Peter established by Pope Benedict.</p><br>
<h2>School</h2><br>
<p>During the controversy, the parish school closed circa 2006. As part of its mandate, Saint Marks Church began a fundraising effort to open a new parish school to serve this local community. In 2009 and 2010, the St. Marks congregation (together with St. Francis Episcopal Church in Potomac, Maryland) sponsored Vacation Bible School at the historic church school. The following fall, a successful after-school program began, staff were hired, and renovations began. In September 2011, Saint James School, covering grades five to eight, opened. It is part of the NativityMiguel Network of Schools and the National Association of Episcopal Schools.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>The surrounding churchyard is the final resting place of several notable people. The cemetery is open to the public when the school is in session, generally weekdays from 7am–6pm, and on the weekends during school events.</p><br>
<p>Chapman Biddle (January 22, 1822 – December 9, 1880), Civil War Union Army officer.</p><br>
<p>Horace Binney (January 4, 1780 – August 12, 1875), US Congressman.</p><br>
<p>F. Carroll Brewster (May 15, 1825 – December 30, 1898), prominent Philadelphia lawyer, judge, state Attorney General</p><br>
<p>Mark Wilkes Collet (June 2, 1826 – May 3, 1863), Civil War Union Army officer and physician.</p><br>
<p>Constance Dallas (April 28, 1902 – January 13, 1983), first woman elected to Philadelphia City Council.</p><br>
<p>James Barnet Fry (February 22, 1827 – July 11, 1894), Civil War Union brigadier general.</p><br>
<p>John R. Goldsborough (July 2, 1809 – June 22, 1877), Civil War Union naval officer and later United States Navy commodore</p><br>
<p>Faustina Hasse Hodges (7 August 1822 – 4 February 1895), English-American organist and composer</p><br>
<p>Henry K. Hoff (d. December 25, 1878), United States Navy Rear-Admiral.</p><br>
<p>Emlen Trenchard Littell, American church architect</p><br>
<p>Robert Morris, Jr. (d. August 13, 1863), Civil War Union Army officer.</p><br>
<p>The Rt. Rev. Henry Ustick Onderdonk, second bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>John Grubb Parke (September 22, 1827 – December 16, 1900), Civil War Union Major General.</p><br>
<p>William Stevens Perry (January 22, 1832 – May 13, 1898), historian, author, president of Hobart College, and second bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa.</p><br>
<p>Walter Elmer Schofield (September 10, 1867 – March 1, 1944), American Impressionist painter.</p><br>
<p>Anthony Taylor (October 11, 1837 – May 21, 1894), Civil War Medal of Honor Recipient.</p><br>
<p>Martin Russell Thayer (1819–1906), US Congressman for Pennsylvania, 1863 to 1867. State Court Judge in 1867.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Chew Tilghman (October 26, 1821 – July 3, 1901), Civil War Union Brevet Brigadier General, inventor of sandblasting.</p><br>
<p>Stephen Decatur Trenchard (July 11, 1818 – November 15, 1883), United States Navy Rear-Admiral.</p><br>
<p>John Wanamaker (July 11, 1838 – December 12, 1922), businessman, founder of chain of Wanamaker&#39;s Department Stores of Philadelphia and New York, founder of Bethany Presbyterian Church and a prominent Christian layman, and Postmaster General of the United States.</p><br>
<p>(Lewis) Rodman Wanamaker (13 February 1863 – 9 March 1928), son of John Wanamaker, philanthropist, artistic benefactor and patron of the Wanamaker Organ.</p><br>
<p>William Halsey Wood (April 24, 1855 – March 13, 1897), architect, one of four finalists in the competition for the design of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine.</p><br>
<p>Jesse Bushyhead  was a Cherokee religious and political leader, and a Baptist minister. He was born near the present-day town of Cleveland, Tennessee. As a young man, he was ordained a Baptist minister.</p><br>
<p>A member of the John Ross faction of the Cherokee, he was dispatched by Ross in 1837 on a mission to the Seminole. Although Bushyhead opposed the federal policy forcing Indian Removal to west of the Mississippi River, he led a party of about 1,000 people on what is known as the Trail of Tears. On his arrival in 1839 near present-day Westville, Oklahoma, he established the Baptist Mission. He became chief justice of the Cherokee nation in 1840 and remained in that office until his death. His eldest son, Dennis Bushyhead, held several offices in the Cherokee Nation, including as Principal Chief. He served from 1879 to 1887.</p><br>
<h2>Early life</h2><br>
<p>Jesse Bushyhead was born in September 1804 to a half-blood Cherokee woman named Nancy Foreman in a Cherokee settlement near the present city of Cleveland, Tennessee. His father was also of mixed-race Cherokee ancestry, John Bushyhead Stuart.</p><br>
<h2>Career as a missionary</h2><br>
<p>Bushyhead was baptized as a Christian and became an avid member of the Baptist church in 1830. He began converting other Cherokee to Christianity, established a church at Amohee in Tennessee (then his home town), and became a close associate of noted Baptist missionary, Reverend Evan Jones. Jones preached in English, while Bushyhead translated the sermon into Cherokee. One writer claimed that Bushyhead was, "... the best interpreter in the nation."</p><br>
<p>In 1832, Reverend Jones recommended to the Baptist Board of Foreign Missions that Bushyhead be appointed as an assistant missionary. The appointment was made, and Bushyhead served in this role for the next eleven years. He is said to have been the first Cherokee to have been ordained as a Baptist minister. He continued to work closely with Jones, not only preaching to the Cherokees, but translating the Book of Genesis and other religious books into the Cherokee language, using the Cherokee Syllabary. He also served as pastor of the Amohee church.</p><br>
<h2>Family life</h2><br>
<p>Jesse Bushyhead&#39;s home in Cleveland was on Mouse Creek near the present-day Cleveland High School. He married Eliza ( Wilkerson; transcribed as Wilkinson by some of her descendants), with whom he had nine children: Eliza Missouri, who was born on the Trail of Tears to Indian Territory, married Bluford Alberty with whom she ran a noted hotel in Talequah.</p><br>
<h2>Removal to Indian Territory</h2><br>
<p>Jesse Bushyhead had opposed removal of the Cherokees from their homeland in the Southeast. As the deadline approached when General Winfield Scott and the USA Army would escort the people to a new homeland in the Indian Territory, Rev. Bushyhead volunteered to lead one of the groups of emigres. The group who followed him was from a part of the nation where there was no capable leader.</p><br>
<p>The group led by Bushyhead followed the same northern route taken by the group led by Evan Jones. The route led them north through Tennessee and Kentucky to an Ohio River crossing at Golconda, Illinois, then west to cross the Mississippi River near Cape Girardeau, Missouri. After that, they turned southwest to Indian Territory. the rest arrived safely at their destination on February 23, 1839.</p><br>
<p>The trek terminated at a place Bushyhead called Pleasant Hill, about 4 mi north of the present day town of Westville, Oklahoma, and about 70 mi from Fort Smith, Arkansas. The Cherokees called the place "Breadtown" because food rations were distributed there. Later, they named the place "Baptist Mission."</p><br>
<h2>Death and burial</h2><br>
<p>Rev. Jesse Bushyhead died on July 17, 1844, after a brief, but unspecified illness. He was buried at the old Baptist Mission cemetery near Westville.</p><br>
<p>His grave at the Baptist Mission Cemetery is marked by a 15 ft marble monument. His grave is the only surviving property associated with his life, and as such is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Adair County, Oklahoma.</p><br>
<p>One side of the monument reads: "Sacred to the memory of Rev. Jesse Bushyhead, born in the old Cherokee Nation in East Tennessee, September, 1804; died in the present Cherokee Nation, July 17, 1844. Well done, thou good and faithful servant; thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many things. Enter thou into the joy of thy Lord." An inscription in Cherokee is at the bottom.</p><br>
<p>The other side of the monument bears the following inscription:</p><br>
<p>"Rev. Jesse Bushyhead was a man noble in person and noble in heart. His choice was to be a true and faithful minister of his Lord and Master rather than any high and worldly position. He loved his country and people, serving them from time to time in many important offices and missions. He united with the Baptist Church in his early manhood and died as he had lived, a devoted Christian."</p><br>
<p>The Franklin School is a building designed by Adolf Cluss in the German round-arch style, located on Franklin Square at 13th and K Street in Washington, D.C. It was constructed in 1869 and initially served as a flagship school building. It later took on various other educational roles, and became a homeless shelter in the 2000s. In 2020, it became the location of the Planet Word museum after its interior was largely gutted.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1869, the Franklin School was the flagship building of eight modern urban public school buildings constructed in Washington, D.C., between 1862 and 1875 to house, for the first time, a comprehensive system of universal public education.</p><br>
<p>In addition to being an admired educational facility, a small plaque on its exterior describes the buildings place in the history of telecommunications, noting Alexander Graham Bells first wireless communication in 1880, where a beam of light was used to transmit a voice message using his newly invented Photophone. Bells laboratory was nearby on L Street, and his work was a pioneering step in optical communications, the forerunner of fiber-optic communication systems that now carry most of the worlds telecommunications traffic. Bell was also a well-known educator who taught at a special day school for deaf children, who trained teachers of the deaf, and who additionally created an institution for the study of deafness (also in Washington, D.C.).</p><br>
<p>The prominence Franklin School enjoyed was highlighted in the 1870s, when studied in international expositions held in Vienna, Paris, and Philadelphia. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the building was used as a homeless shelter, which controversially closed in September 2008. It was briefly occupied by protesters associated with the Occupy movement on November 19, 2011</p><br>
<p>In February 2015, Mayor Muriel Bowser cancelled the planned conversion of the school to a public facility for art exhibitions, lectures and educational activities by the Institute for Contemporary Expression. Approved by Bowser&#39;s predecessor, Vincent Gray, the project involved a privately funded conversion of the school and had its first event planned for September 2015. As of October 2015, proposals were still being considered.</p><br>
<p>On January 25, 2017, it was announced that the building would host a museum of linguistics called Planet Word, led by Ann B. Friedman, philanthropist and wife of The New York Times columnist Tom Friedman. In 2018, work on the project was stopped after it was discovered that D.C. and USA federal preservation rules were violated in the destruction of the building&#39;s interior. A "minimal" fine was paid, work on the project continued and the museum opened "under a significant cloud" on October 22, 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Cluss described its architecture as "modern Renaissance", but its origins are in the German rounded arch style, known as Rundbogenstil.</p><br>
<p>The location of the school in a prominent neighborhood was intended to bring attention to age-graded, separate but equal classrooms for boys and girls. Offices for the Superintendent and the Board of Education were also housed in the Franklin School allowing administrators to see the benefits of the new educational system. The building also used big windows for light, roomy and airy spaces to enhance the learning environment.</p><br>
<p>The Pickett House is the oldest house in the city of Bellingham, Washington, located on 910 Bancroft Street. Built in 1856 by United States Army Captain George Pickett, who later became a prominent general in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After Captain Pickett arrived in Bellingham to oversee construction of Fort Bellingham, he chose a spot on what was then called Peabody Hill in the town of Whatcom to be cleared for his home. The two-story residence was built of lumber milled by the nearby Roeder-Peabody lumber mill on Whatcom Creek. About a year later, the Captain&#39;s son, James Tilton Pickett, was born in the house. After Captain Pickett left Bellingham in 1861 to serve in the Civil War, the house changed hands several times before Hattie Strothers left the house to the Washington State Historical Society upon her death in 1936. In 1941, the home became a museum and, later, home to the Daughters of Pioneers; both the museum and the Daughters still occupy the site.</p><br>
<p>Very few changes have been made to the original structure. A narrow staircase has replaced the original ladder leading to the second-storey bedrooms, and a kitchen has been added to the lean-to section of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Advent built in 1872 is a historic Carpenter Gothic Episcopal church located at 412 Oak Street, in Farmington, Minnesota, in the United States. On December 31, 1979, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Advent is still a functioning parish serving Dakota County, Minnesota and surrounding areas. The 1872 church building, which seats only 70 people is used as a wedding chapel, while larger worship services are held in the Michael and Lisbeth Sly Room built in 1976. The rector is the Rev. Elaine Barber.</p><br>
<p>The L. L. Stine House, or L.L. Stein House, is a historic house in Woodward, Oklahoma.</p><br>
<p>It has also been known as the Bradbury Home. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 as "L.L. Stein House".</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant for its association with L.L. Stein, who was one of the original 5,000 or so land-run settlers of Woodward and was a prominent banker, and for it being one of few surviving homes built by pioneer settlers in the town, and for being the only large Classical Revival style building in Woodward.</p><br>
<p>The House was built in 1916 by architect U. G. Charles of Wichita, Kansas for L. L. Stine, an early banker in Woodward. The house is a three-story brick which was picked out of the Sears Catalog. Stine was the owner of Woodward&#39;s First National Bank which was built on the corner of 8th and Main in 1901. Fifteen years later he built the elaborate mansion that is known today as the Stine-Bradbury House.</p><br>
<p>Mr. L.L. Stine & his wife separated, There was a small fire in the house, so Mr. Stine moved into a smaller house next to the Large house. The house was purchased after a small fire by Mr. & Mrs. Harold B. Bradbury in 1935 with their Daughter Mary Vivian and 10-year-old son Harold Madison.</p><br>
<p>H.B. Bradbury owned the Bradbury Produce Company. Mr. & Mrs. H.B. Bradbury cared for Mr. Stine until he passed. The Bradburys had purchased a few items from the Stine Auction. Both Mr. & Mrs. H.B. Bradbury died in the house. Their Son, Harold Madison, Wife Maudie Lea Bradbury & two daughters lived in the house while caring for Mr. H.B. Bradbury before he died. The House is a Classical Revival building and is the only large Classical Revival building in Woodward.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 7, 1983, by Mr. & Mrs. H.M. Bradbury, remained in their family until 1994. It is now owned by the Great Plains Preservation and Development Foundation and is used as a venue for receptions, weddings, and other community events.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church refers to both an Episcopal parish in Matapeake, Maryland and the historic church building in the Stevensville Historic District in Stevensville, Maryland, which the parish occupied from 1880 to 1995, and that is now a Lutheran church. Christ Church Parish was one of the original 30 Anglican parishes in the Province of Maryland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Christ Episcopal Church of Kent Island is recognized as the states oldest Christian congregation. It was founded in 1632 by the Reverend Richard James, one year after Kent Island was founded by William Claiborne, and two years before settlers arrived at St. Clements Island. The parish has used at least six buildings during its history. The church&#39;s original location was at Kent Fort. It moved to Broad Creek in 1652, and was rebuilt there in 1712 and again in 1826. The church moved again to Stevensville in 1880 as activity shifted there from Broad Creek, and to its current location in Matapeake in 1995 due to the need for a larger building. Of the six buildings, only the 1880 and 1995 buildings are standing today. The 1880 building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Today, Christ Church is part of the Episcopal Diocese of Easton and owns and operates Camp Wright, a summer camp in Matapeake, which serves as the diocesan camp. The historic building is now the principal church of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church.</p><br>
<p>The George W. South Memorial Church of the Advocate, also known as the George W. South Memorial Protestant Episcopal Church, is a historic church at 18th and Diamond Street in North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was built from 1887 to 1897 as a memorial to the merchant and civil leader George W. South. The church was designed by Charles Marquedant Burns (1838 – 1922), a prominent church architect in the late 19th and early 20th century. It was intended to serve as the Episcopal Cathedral of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>On July 29, 1974, the church was the site of the ordination of the Philadelphia Eleven, the first women priests in the Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>The church contains a series of 14 murals depicting vignettes of the Black experience in America, including slavery, emancipation, and scenes from the Civil Rights Movement. They were painted between 1973 and 1976 by Philadelphia artist Walter Edmonds and Richard J. Watson. The murals can be found primarily in the transepts and aisles of the church. Father Washington commissioned the murals in response to black parishioners who felt that the African-American experience was not validated in the church despite the fact that the majority of the community was African-American. Each of the fourteen murals was painted by either Edmonds or Watson, each of whom has a very different artistic style. Edmonds&#39;s pieces are mostly in fiery shades of orange and yellow and depict the violent oppression of blacks in America. Watson, on the other hand, used a cooler palette in his paintings to express sorrow in the black experience and the importance of memorializing this history as a way to find courage for the future.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and was designated a National Historic Landmark on June 19, 1996. The landmark designation cited the church as one of the finest examples of Gothic Revival architecture, with a complete set of stained glass windows provided by the English firm Clayton & Bell. It also cited the church&#39;s ongoing role in activism for African American civil rights.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter the Apostle Church was a Roman Catholic church located within the Archdiocese of Baltimore in Baltimore, Maryland. Constructed at the northwest corner of Hollins and South Poppleton Streets  and , it was often referred to as "The Mother Church of West Baltimore."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The church was built in 1842 to minister to the growing Irish population of old West Baltimore, who had immigrated to the city in vast numbers to work for the B&O Railroad.</p><br>
<p>Robert Cary Long, Jr., a prominent local "ecumenical architect," (both secular and religious) and son of a similarly famous accomplished father of the same name designed the church in the Greek revival style with imposing granite pillars gracing the facade of the building. Its appearance is similar to the now landmark Lloyd Street Synagogue off East Baltimore Street, also designed by Long, a year later for the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation in the Jonestown/Old Town neighborhood of East Baltimore, across the Jones Falls. Among others, Long also designed the third church for Old St. Paul&#39;s (1814–1817) which burned in 1854. and the Franklin Street Presbyterian Church</p><br>
<p>(1847) at Cathedral and West Franklin Streets The design was based on Athens&#39; Temple of Hephaestus. The interior of the church features a large, open nave furnished with wooden pews. Behind the altar stood in an apse adorned with white columns, and punctuated with an imposing white marble tabernacle. It contained statues of angels and the holy family, and was topped with a large statue of Saint Peter. The inscription above the tabernacle read, "Tu Es Petrus," a reference to the biblical passage, "You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my Church" (Matt. 16:18). The church also had a historic tracker organ designed by Henry Niemann. The organ was removed to storage when the building was sold to Carter Memorial Church of God in Christ in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The name of the church was transferred to here upon the closing of the colonial red-brick church, rectory, school and small surrounding cemetery and its subsequent razing in 1841 of the original St. Peters Roman Catholic Church. The older parish had been founded in 1770 as the first "Roman Catholic Congregation of Baltimore Town" with new immigrants of Acadians, who were French Canadians expelled recently from their colony of Acadia, now the British-occupied province of Nova Scotia after the losses by France in North America from the French and Indian War (known in Europe as the Seven Years War, 1756–1763) and settled along the southwestern shores of "The Basin" (now Inner Harbor) of the Patapsco River which became known as "Frenchtown," beyond the intersection of Forest (South Charles) and King George (now West Lombard) Streets. With the joining of some additional Irish settlers, the Roman Catholic population of the new Baltimore Town was growing with the first Mass being said by the Rev. John Ashton from Doughoregan Manor from the Carroll&#39;s country estate in the late 1760s to 1770 and came to the town about once a month. The congregation seldom exceeded twenty worshippers and seldom exceeded forty.</p><br>
<p>The original St. Peters building was the "Pro-Cathedral" of the Diocese from 1791 to 1821 and the first church used as Roman Catholic Cathedral in the United States. Father John Carroll was named the first bishop for the United States in 1789, installed the following year as Ordinary of the new Diocese of Baltimore, "The Premier See." His seat was at old St. Peters.</p><br>
<p>The older church was located at the northwestern corner of Forest Street (later North Charles) and XXX Lane (later West Saratoga Street), opposite the Old St. Pauls Anglican Parish on the southeastern corner situated above the rugged cliffs to the east overlooking the Jones Falls loop to the northeast around "Steigers Meadow", below the new Baltimore County and Town Courthouse (just constructed in the new Courthouse Square at the north edge of the town at Calvert Street between New Church Street (now East Lexington Street) and Fish Lane (now East Fayette Street) a year after when the county seat was re-located here from Old Joppa in 1767. The new path of St. Paul&#39;s Lane (later Street/Place) ran north and south just below the heights where the two churches were located.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1692 as one of the Original Thirty parishes in the Province/Colony of Maryland for the Church of England (Anglican), the Parish Church for the County had been moved shortly after the founding of the new larger town in 1729 on The Basins headwaters. Its first location was near Colgate Creek on the Patapsco Neck peninsula in southeastern Baltimore County between the Patapsco and the Back River. St. Pauls built the first brick building in town for its worship and took many years to complete until 1739. So it seems an unusual situation of having Catholics and Anglicans facing across from each other for weekly services only forty years after the beginnings of Baltimore and this continued for the next seventy years of its history.</p><br>
<p>In 1821 the bishops chair was transferred to the new Cathedral. The new cathedral was designed by Benjamin Latrobe and located a block further north on the newly named Cathedral Street and intersecting West Franklin and Mulberry Streets. No longer a pro-cathedral, Old St. Peters continued as the downtown community&#39;s parish for another twenty years. Gradually, the members of the parish began moving northwestward and to the west for other residential areas being constructed, as the center became increasingly filled with stores, shops and manufactories. By the early 1840s, the Archdiocese was ready to make a move with a new church building for an old name.</p><br>
<p>The new neighborhood in inner West Baltimore later acquired the name of ""Union Square" for the prominent small landscaped park in its center. That joined a series of other parks and squares such as Arlington and Franklin which dotted the residential landscape of the western side of the burgeoning city as grids of rowhouses were extended north and south as it grew westward. The New Church itself along South Poppleton and Hollins Streets was part of a complex of several buildings, including a church rectory, a convent, and a school.</p><br>
<p>Founded by Edward McColgan, who served for over thirty years. The new church had its cornerstone laid on May 23, 1843 by the Bishop of New York City, the Right Rev. John Hughes assisted by the Right Rev. Kendrick, Bishop of Philadelphia and was dedicated later by Archbishop Samuel Eccleston of Baltimore, and Bishops J. J. Chance, John Hughes and several others on September 22, 1844. Father McColgan was instrumental in having the Sisters of Mercy come to the church later in 1855 to teach at St. Peter School, a female academy adjoining the church and established a handsome residence at neighboring 12 South Poppleton Street. In addition to their educational duties, the Sisters also assisted the poor and sick of the community by opening the "House of Mercy for distressed women". Father McColgan became the superior of the order in Maryland, was responsible for establishing the first Catholic temperance society in the city in 1849, as he called a mass meeting of meat packers in the western city and encouraged them to "take the pledge" to abstain from intoxicating drinks which became the nucleus of the St. Peter&#39;s Society, the largest Catholic temperance society in Baltimore. Later in 1878, he was appointed vicar-general of the Archdiocese replacing the late Rev. Dubreal.</p><br>
<p>The limits of the parish grew so much in the early years by 1865 that a second church was established (St. Martin&#39;s at Fulton Avenue and West Fayette Street) and dedicated in 1867. St. Peter the Apostle was twice enlarged during its first forty years. In the summer of 1868, a thorough renovation was made with several improvements such as the addition of fifty-four pews, the building extended eastwardly, sanctuary rebuilt, gallery reconstructed, stained glass windows installed from Munich, Germany and the ceiling frescoed and ornamented. This phase was rededicated by Archbishop Martin Spalding, April 4, 1869. The dimensions were now 150 feet in length and 73 feet in width, finished in a Corinthian style of architecture although the exterior is with six Doric columns out front. Archbishop James Gibbons consecrated the building on May 1, 1879, assisted by Bishops Thomas A. Becker of Wilmington, Delaware and J. J. Kain of Wheeling, West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Up to 1881, those who served as assistants at St. Peters were the Rev. John Hickey, Rev. William D. Parsons, Rev. OTool, Rev. Lawrence McCauley, D.D., Rev. John S. Foley D.D., Rev. P. McCoy, Rev. Edmund Didier, Rev. Henry Reardon, and Rev. Gerard H. Nyssen. Assistant pastors were Rev. Owen Corrigan and again Gerard H. Nyssen.</p><br>
<h2>St. Peter&#39;s Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>Father McColgan purchased more than twenty acres from the estate of John McClelland in 1850, and a cemetery was opened in September of 1851. Located at Moreland Avenue and Bentalou Street and consisting of twenty acres, the cemetery was referred to by parishioners as "Parishes Fear", officially known as St. Peter&#39;s Cemetery. Comprising mostly Irish-American Catholic immigrants and their children who settled in Baltimore in the 19th century, to work on the B&O, there are also some African-American graves. In total about 15,000 people are buried there. It stopped taking interments in 1969, and by the 1980s there was little money available for upkeep, the land became overgrown and unkempt. In the 1990s, the Jonah House peace-activist commune settled on the property and does some maintenance work in exchange. Leonce Rabillon (1814–1886), a French-born sculptor for wealthy patrons, is the only person still making regular payments for the upkeep of his grave.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation in 1967</h2><br>
<p>Another renovation, done in 1967, brought the church to the attention of the newly formed Baltimore City Commission on Historical and Architectural Preservation.</p><br>
<p>Throughout its history, the congregation of St. Peter the Apostle Church ministered to those in need, and was also active in community organization efforts. In 1965, pastor Thomas J. Donellan formed the Southwest Baltimore Citizens Planning Council, along with four other area churches, to bring identity and renewal to their Hollins Park neighborhood. At one time the former convent housed a Christian Life Center, which provided recreation and development programs.</p><br>
<p>In later years declining numbers of parishioners and priests limited the number of services that the church held, and the final regularly scheduled Mass was said at St. Peter on Saturday, January 26, 2008. Thereafter the church was only used for weddings, funerals and special occasions. The churches of St. Martin, St. Peter, and St. Jerome merged and formed a new parish known as the Transfiguration Catholic Community.</p><br>
<h2>Closing</h2><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Church was closed in 2008, after 165 years of service. The church was stripped of everything Catholic, and sold to the Carter Memorial Church of God in Christ in 2012. The angels on either side of the Tabernacle were removed and given to St. Ambrose Church. Statues and other relics were removed to other churches in the Archdiocese. The pipe organ, built by Baltimore builder Henry Niemann in 1890, has been placed in storage, pending its location to another church.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Comforter, built in 1872, is a historic Carpenter Gothic church located on Main Street, in Brownsville, Minnesota, on the west bank of the Mississippi River in the United States. It began as an Episcopal church, but later became a Methodist Episcopal church. In the 1940s, it became Emmanuel Lutheran Church. It had been vacant since 1963. On June 2, 1970, the church was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The church is not in use but is open by appointment only.</p><br>
<p>The Presbyterian Church building in Beaver, Oklahoma, is a historic church building built in 1887. It was one of the earliest permanent religious buildings built in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The church is a wood-frame structure with a front gable roof and small bell tower over the front entrance. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 16, 1974, for architectural significance and association with settlement of the area.</p><br>
<p>It is located at 3rd St. and Ave. E in Beaver.</p><br>
<p>The Carroll Mansion  is a historic building and museum located in Baltimore, Maryland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built around 1811, at the corner of what is now known as Lombard and Front Streets, which at the time was a very wealthy part of Baltimore. In 1818 it was purchased for the sum of $20,000 by Richard Caton, the husband of Mary, youngest daughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. For the last twelve years of his life, Charles Carroll spent his winters in the house, often receiving distinguished visitors there. It was in this house that he died.</p><br>
<p>The Catons continued to reside at the mansion until 1846, when the last of the Caton family died.</p><br>
<p>The mansion remained empty for the next eleven years and was purchased in 1855 by the Sisters of Mercy. The neighborhood underwent a drastic change in the eleven years prior to 1855 and had gone from the wealthiest part of town to the home of poor immigrants. The Sisters of Mercy rented the once grand mansion to immigrants who turned the first floor into a saloon and the second floor into apartments for German and Russian Jews, until 1868 when the Sisters sold the mansion for the paltry sum of $1,000.</p><br>
<p>Over the next forty years, Carroll Mansion served as a saloon, furniture store, and in 1904 news articles report that the mansion was being used as a sweatshop to produce clothing.</p><br>
<p>In 1914 the mansion was deeded to the City of Baltimore and in 1918 it became Baltimores first vocational school. The mansions larger rooms were used as classrooms and the grounds housed the various trade shops. The vocational school continued to operate and offer courses in tailoring, printing, and auto mechanics until 1928. In 1928 the Carroll Mansion was restored and opened to the public with exhibits of antiques.</p><br>
<p>The Carroll Mansion underwent major renovations in 1935 to include showers, indoor toilets, and a new heating system and served as The Carroll Mansion Recreation Center from 1937 to 1954, at which time the doors were closed once again.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s the mansion was slated to be torn down and a gas station built where the mansion stood for the last 150 years. The citizens of Baltimore protested said plans, and upon his election in 1962, on a platform emphasizing urban renewal, Mayor Theodore McKeldin pledged that the historic Carroll Mansion would be fully restored. After major restoration efforts, the doors of the Carroll Mansion opened to the public once again in 1967 as a museum and a collection of antiques to mirror the 1820s and 1830s when the Caton and Carroll families occupied the mansion was started. In 1985 the mansion became part of the Baltimore City Life Museums and the collection was expanded to include wallpaper, paint, china, silver, and furniture of the 1820s and 1830s. The mansion operated as a museum for thirty years, from 1967 to 1997, when the doors closed yet again.</p><br>
<p>The museum remained closed until 2002 when Carroll Museums, Inc. reopened the museum. The Carroll Museum remains open today where tours are offered to the public. Changing art exhibits are also displayed.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Carroll Mansion is one of Baltimore&#39;s best examples of Federal Period architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Tennessee Brewery building stands at the intersection of Butler and Tennessee streets in Memphis, Tennessee. It is directly on the bluff overlooking the Mississippi River. The building once housed the Tennessee Brewing Company, a leader in early brewery production.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The brewery was originally organized in 1877 by George H. Herbers as "The Memphis Brewing Company". In 1885, it was bought by J. W. Schorr, Casper Koehler, and associates, and soon became one of the largest breweries of the era.</p><br>
<p>The first beer marketed from the brewery was a Pilsener. Like many other brands of the time, the beers were not usually named. Instead, the type or style of the beer was used as the name, along with the name of the brewery. They also produced several other beer styles. An ad from 1890 lists their styles as Pilsener, Export, Budweiser, Tennessee Pale, and Bavarian. Later, two new brands called Columbian Extra Pale and Erlanger were also produced, before prohibition shut down operations.</p><br>
<p>At one point, more than 1500 workers worked at the brewery. By 1903, production was up to 250,000 barrels per year making it the largest brewery in the south. Prohibition shut down operations, however after prohibition ended, the plant was reopened by J. W.&#39;s son, John Schorr. Very rapidly, they got back up to production speed, and the best known and leading beer sold in Memphis for many years was "Goldcrest". After 1938 the beer was named "Goldcrest 51", to honor more than 51 years in the brewing business.</p><br>
<p>Goldcrest 51 was a bottled beer until 1947, when they started using cans. As a somewhat local beer, the brewery actually used returned bottles up until they ceased all operations, in 1954.</p><br>
<p>The building that remains today was erected in 1890 and is basically unchanged from that time (other than renovations performed to keep the building intact for possible further development in the future). The bottling plant was an add-on to the building much later, in 1938. Plans have been made in the past to turn the building into condominiums or shopping space, however none of these have occurred.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The Tennessee Brewery was previously owned by The Tennessee Brewery LLC. The 65,720 ft&sup2; property was appraised in 2005 at $248600. Brewery Tennessee LLC transferred the property for $350000 to The Tennessee Brewery LLC in 1999. It was transferred to Brewery Tennessee LLC in 1995 from Marvin Ratner.</p><br>
<p>After the Tennessee Brewery "Untapped" event held there during the spring of 2014, the revived interest in the brewery led it to be purchased for $825000 by Billy Orgel, a cell phone tower developer based in Memphis.</p><br>
<p>The event was held again, as a "Revival" in the spring of 2015, before development work began on the building that fall.</p><br>
<p>The current owner of record is "495 Tennessee LLC". Modification work has been done to turn the building into apartments, and units are available for reservations on an as available basis.</p><br>
<p>The Race Street Meetinghouse is an historic and still active Quaker meetinghouse at 1515 Cherry Street in the Center City area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The meetinghouse served as the site of the Yearly Meeting of the Hicksite sect of the Religious Society of Friends, known as the Quakers, from 1857 to 1955.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1856 by the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting and what is now known as Central Philadelphia Monthly Meeting, a building 131 feet long by 80 feet wide was set fairly close to its Cherry Street frontage but sufficiently far back from Race Street to provide a pleasant open yard. The structure built was not just one meeting house, but two, so arranged and divided that either party could dispose of its property without affecting the property of the other. Construction brought two meeting rooms 36 feet high, the northern chamber being 60 feet by 80; the southern, 46 by 80. Each had "youth&#39;s galleries" on three sides. Between the two meetinghouses, and exceeding them by 16 feet in total width, was a 25-by-96-foot three-story structure containing large rooms for committee meetings and other purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Race Street Meetinghouse was at the forefront of womens involvement both in Quaker religion and in American political activism. Many leaders in the Womens Movement were associated with this meetinghouse; these included abolitionist and women&#39;s rights activist Lucretia Mott, peace activist Hannah Clothier Hull, and suffrage leader and Equal Rights Amendment author Alice Paul.</p><br>
<p>The meetinghouse was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993 for its role in the abolition of slavery, the advancement of women&#39;s suffrage, and the civil rights movement.</p><br>
<p>The Meetinghouse is part of the Friends Center campus, which includes the National Office of the American Friends Service Committee, Friends World Committee for Consultation, Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, and the Greater Philadelphia Chapter of the United Nations Association. It is the site of a copy of Sylvia Shaw Judson&#39;s statue of Mary Dyer, the 17th-century Quaker martyr. The Friends Meeting Center, built in 1974, was designed by Cope & Lippincott.</p><br>
<p>The Ackerhurst–Eipperhurst Dairy Barn is located at 15220 Military Road near Bennington, Nebraska, United States. Built in 1935 by Adolf Otte in the Gambrel  style, the Barn was designated a "Landmark" by the City of Omaha Landmarks Heritage Preservation Commission on March 5, 2002, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places later that month.</p><br>
<p>To ensure the quality of the products, owner Anthony W. Ackerman put into place a few important factors. A veterinarian was on duty at all times, the milking machinery was state of the art stainless steel, and only the highest quality of hay was given to the cows.</p><br>
<p>The roof has a hay hood at each end.</p><br>
<h2>The Barn at the Ackerhurst Dairy Farm</h2><br>
<p>In 2015, the barn on the Ackerhurst property was sold and converted into a small event venue. The first phase of a renovation was completed in 2016 after which small events were held. More extensive renovations were completed in 2017. As of 2021, the venue hosts events such as weddings, receptions, corporate meetings, and charity fundraisers. It seats up to 400 people.</p><br>
<p>The Bemis Bag Company Building is a historic building located in downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Built in 1887 in a commercial style, the building was designed by the prolific Omaha architecture firm of Mendelssohn and Lawrie. It was designated an Omaha Landmark on September 12, 1978, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 11, 1985. In addition to its own listing on the NRHP, the Building is also included in the Warehouses in Omaha Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>The Bemis Company was a national leader in the manufacturing and sale of bags and sacks for flour, grain, and other commodities. It had warehouses and manufacturing facilities in several cities across the United States. This building cost about $40,000 to build.</p><br>
<p>The Noble County Sheriff&#39;s House and Jail, also known as the Old Jail Museum, is a historic jail and residence located in Albion, Noble County, Indiana. It was built in 1875 by Thomas J. Tolan and Son, Architects of Fort Wayne, Indiana. It is a -story, red brick building with combined Second Empire and Gothic Revival style design elements. It features round-arched windows, a three-story projecting entrance tower, and a mansard roof.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is located in the Albion Courthouse Square Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Military Avenue is a central thoroughfare located in Omaha, Nebraska. A segment of the road located at the junction of West 82nd and Fort Streets was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. Today Military Road, which begins at Nebraska Highway 64 as Nebraska Highway L-28K, ends at Bennington Road near North 204th Street .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally part of the Overland Trail, Military Avenue was laid out from Downtown Omaha westward through the town of Benson and past in 1857 by Captain Edward Beckwith for the USA Army. Originally designated as a shipment road for moving military supplies to Fort Kearny, thousands of travelers moving to the Pacific Northwest used the road for the next fifty years. Purposely laid out over high ground, emigrants and freighters had a clear view of the surrounding country as a protection against attacks.</p><br>
<h2>Currently</h2><br>
<p>The original graded wagon track can be seen near the Omaha Public Power District substation located near North 90th and Fort Streets. A section of the road is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Wo Hing Society Hall was a building located at 858 Front Street in the Lahaina Historic District in Lahaina, Hawaii. Built around 1912, it served the growing Chinese population centered in Lahaina, primarily those working in the sugarcane industry as a social and fraternal hall for the Wo Hing Society. By the 1940s the declining Chinese population in Lahaina slowly made the building redundant and the property was neglected.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the Lahaina Restoration Foundation worked with the Wo Hing Society to restore the building to its former appearance. After restoration and construction in 1984, the museum was opened to the public. It operated under the name Wo Hing Museum and was one of only two existing Chinese Society Halls on Maui. It was placed on the Hawaii State Register of Historic Places on July 30, 1982, and, as Wo Hing Society Building, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 1982.</p><br>
<p>In August 2023, Wo Hing Society Hall was destroyed by the 2023 Hawaii wildfires.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1852, many Chinese were brought to work on Hawaii&#39;s sugarcane plantations, mainly single men. When their contracts expired, some stayed behind and took up other trades. Due to the influx and distance from mainland China, Chinese Tong societies sprouted up to provide Chinese religious and political help, in addition to mutual aid, friendship, and funerary benefits upon death.</p><br>
<p>Sometime around 1909, the Chinese in Lahaina formed the Wo Hing Society, an offshoot of the Chee Kung Tong. Using private donations and funds, in 1912, the Wo Hing Society Hall was erected.</p><br>
<p>By the 1940s, many of the Chinese in Lahaina pursued new business opportunities in Honolulu. This led to the property being left derelict and prey to termites and rot. It was considered to be one of the finest surviving Chinese Tong Society Halls in the State of Hawaii.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The site was split up into a main building with two floors and a cookhouse to the side. The first floor of the main building housed a collection of Chinese artifacts and memorabilia of Lahaina around the start of the 20th century. Most covered the years after sugarcane established itself on the west side of Maui. The second floor featured the only public Taoist temple on Maui. Altars dedicated to Lord Guan and other Chinese Deities were on the second floor, with a selection of other Chinese artifacts. The cookhouse was a separate structure, created as a precaution to prevent the risk of fire damage to the main Wo Hing Temple. Later, along with displaying numerous cooking artifacts, it was converted into a mini theater. One highlight was the showing of films of Hawaii taken by Thomas Edison in 1898 and 1906.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology and culture</h2><br>
<p>Wo Hing literally means "harmony and prosperity" (Wo=Peace and Harmony, Hing=Prosperity) This was reflected on calligraphy boards around the temple. The temple also utilized Feng Shui principles, with the entrance (or front) of the building facing the ocean, and its back to the mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Register of Historic Places placement dates</h2><br>
<p>Hawaii State Register of Historic Places - July 30, 1982 Site #50-03-1615 Chinese Society Halls thematic group HAWAI`I AND NATIONAL REGISTER</p><br>
<p>OF HISTORIC PLACES - Maui</p><br>
<p>National Register of Historic Places - November 15, 1982 #82000173 Chinese Tong Houses of Maui Island TR</p><br>
<p>At their peak, there were six Chinese Society Halls on Maui. Operated by the Gee Kung Tong Society, these halls were created to provide services to immigrant Chinese workers, mostly working for the sugarcane plantations. All provided religious and political help, in addition to mutual aid. Only the Wo Hing Society Hall in Lahaina and the Ket Hing Society Hall in Kula have survived. Both were placed on the Hawaii State Register of Historic Places on July 30, 1982, and placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 1982. The Chee Kung Tong Society Hall was placed onto both State and Federal registers, but collapsed in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Purpose</h2><br>
<p>In 1852, many Chinese were brought to work on Hawaii&#39;s sugar plantations, mainly single men. When their contracts expired, some stayed behind and took up other trades. Due to the influx and distance from mainland China, Chinese Tong societies sprouted up to provide Chinese religious and political help, in addition to mutual aid, friendship, and funerary benefits upon death.</p><br>
<p>Six clubhouses or "Halls" were built. Two survive to this day, while the others have disappeared.</p><br>
<h2>Chee Kung Tong</h2><br>
<p>The Chee Kung Tong Society Hall was a former society hall located on 2151 Vineyard Street in Wailuku. County records indicate that the building was first listed as being built in 1897, thought other sources differ on the matter. It collapsed sometime on April 19, 1996. Today, the vacant lot sits derelict, with only a cement foundation and gate marking the site.</p><br>
<p>The site was placed on the Hawaii State Register of Historic Places on July 30, 1982 HAWAI`I AND NATIONAL REGISTER</p><br>
<p>OF HISTORIC PLACES - Maui and the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 1982, but delisted in August 1998 from the State register; it is still listed in the NRHP database.</p><br>
<h2>Ket Hing Society Building</h2><br>
<p>The Kwock Hing Society Hall (Ket Hing Society Building) is a two-story structure in Kula on Cross Road. It was erected in 1907 and was the first two-story structure in Kula. The current building that stands on the site is a replacement. It was placed on the Hawaii State Register of Historic Places on July 30, 1982 Near here, between mountains of Kula and the shoreline of Makena, Sun Mei (孫眉), Dr. Sun Yat-sen&#39;s brother, once leased a large ranch from the Hawaiian monarchy.</p><br>
<h2>Wo Hing Society Hall</h2><br>
<p>The Wo Hing Society Hall was a building located on Front Street in Lahaina built around 1912. The two story structure and cookhouse served as both a meeting place for Chinese immigrants working in Lahaina and offered religious services on the second floor. The use of the hall declined by the 1940s when many Chinese left for business opportunities in Honolulu. The building was restored in 1983 with the help of the Lahaina Restoration Foundation. It operated to the public under the name of Wo Hing Museum.</p><br>
<p>The hall was placed on the Hawaii State Register of Historic Places on July 30, 1982 and the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 1982.</p><br>
<p>In August 2023, Wo Hing Society Hall was destroyed by the 2023 Hawaii wildfires.</p><br>
<h2>Other halls</h2><br>
<p>Three other halls are said to have existed at one time or another. They include:</p><br>
<p>Lin Hing Society Clubhouse in Ke&#39;anae</p><br>
<p>Tow Yee Kwock Society in Wailuku</p><br>
<p>Chee Kung Tong Society clubhouse in Kipahulu</p><br>
<p>The exact times of existence and closure are unknown.</p><br>
<p>Cumston Hall is a historic community building at 796 Main Street in downtown Monmouth, Maine. Built in 1900, it is one of the most flamboyant examples of wooden Romanesque Revival architecture to be found in a small-town setting in the entire state. It was a gift to the town of Dr. Charles M. Cumston, and presently houses the local public library and local theatrical companies. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cumston Hall stands prominently in the village of Monmouth, on the east side of Main Street (Maine State Route 132), opposite its junction with Blue Road. It is a large two-story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. A square tower, about 70 ft in height, projects from the front right corner, rising to a pyramidal roof with small corner turrets. The exterior is festooned with applied woodwork, with grouped round columns supporting an arcaded ground floor. Upper floor windows consists of paired round-arch windows, with a Palladian-style three part window in a gabled projecting section above the main entrance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cumston Hall was completed in 1900 and is named in honor of Dr. Charles M. Cumston, a former headmaster at the English High School in Boston, who gave the Romanesque Revival and Queen Anne style building to Monmouth equipped with a library and auditorium. Cumston chose Harry Hayman Cochrane (1860–1946), a muralist who went to school in Monmouth, to design and decorate it. Cochrane&#39;s work is most noted in the cherubic portraits that adorn the ceiling and the intricate hand-molded plaster work that frames the walls, boxes, and proscenium arch of the stage.</p><br>
<p>Today, Cumston Hall is the home of the Cumston Public library, the Theater at Monmouth, Monmouth Community Players, and many local activities. The theatrical productions staged here are a draw for people living outside of Monmouth to come and see this landmark.</p><br>
<p>Riverside Cemetery, established in 1876, is Denver, Colorado&#39;s oldest operating cemetery. More than 67,000 people are buried there, including 1,000 veterans.</p><br>
<h2>Location and operation</h2><br>
<p>Riverside Cemetery occupies a 77 acre site between Brighton Boulevard and the east bank of the South Platte River, approximately four miles downstream from downtown Denver, Colorado. The majority of Riverside Cemetery lies within Adams County, Colorado; however, the rest of the cemetery, the cemetery&#39;s original entrance and administration building, are within the City and County of Denver.</p><br>
<p>Riverside Cemetery originally was the property of the Riverside Cemetery Association from its founding in 1876 until 1900 when the associations assets were transferred to the Fairmount Cemetery Association (presently known as Fairmount Cemetery Company). In late 2000, Fairmount Cemetery Company along with members of the community founded the Fairmount Heritage Foundation to be an educational resource for the community and to protect and preserve the heritage of both the companys properties: Riverside Cemetery and Fairmount Cemetery. The volunteers of the foundation staff the Riverside Cemetery Office on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Fridays (during the summer months) and Saturdays. They have numerous events and preservation and cleanup projects for the cemetery. Information may be found at www.fairmountheritagefoundation.org</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When first opened, the graveyards secluded location on the banks of the South Platte River and the surrounding greenery made it a popular choice for wealthy families; the opening of the Burlington Railroad in the 1890s changed this, spurring industrial growth in the neighborhood, and some families chose to have their relatives remains exhumed and reburied elsewhere. Prominent people continued to be interred there, with ornate headstones to mark their graves; however, the proportion of unmarked graves rose dramatically, as counties from all over the state sent the bodies of their impoverished dead citizens there. Riverside remained the area&#39;s most significant cemetery until the mid-20th century, and retains importance for scholars studying in the early history of Denver, as the city kept no systematic death records until 1910. Today, the neighborhood has become a largely industrial area, surrounded by a gas station, smokestacks, train tracks, and an industrial park, a few blocks from Interstate 70. It remains a minor tourist attraction; in 2001, 3,000 people went on walking tours of the site.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery&#39;s final grave site was assigned in July 2005; the management company, Fairmount Cemetery Inc., indicated that they would not accept further burials after that, because they were losing money on each sale. They have also stopped watering and cut back drastically on services, claiming that their $2.1 million endowment, which generated roughly $62,000 per year in interest, was not enough to water the property and properly maintain all the graves; their records show that they lost $159,000 in 2003. They still employ two groundskeepers to pick up trash, but have had to refuse offers of maintenance help from volunteers due to liability issues. In 2005, Fairmount approached the city government and requested they take over operation of the cemetery; however, the city was forced to decline due to lack of funds. Local residents, concerned by the dying trees and grass and generally poor state of the cemetery, formed a group, Friends of Historic Riverside Cemetery, to bring public attention to the issue. They requested the assistance of a Holy Transfiguration Orthodox Cathedral whose founders are buried there; Fairmount indicated that they would be willing to transfer the endowment and operations of the cemetery to a group that could provide an additional trust of $1 million to cover operating expenses.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Being Denver&#39;s oldest operating cemetery, Riverside serves as the final resting place for hundreds of local historical figures. There are three Medal of Honor recipients (Day, Hasting, and Kelley) buried there.</p><br>
<p>John Bass (1848–1888), an early baseball pioneer, who was part of the first major league baseball season in 1871</p><br>
<p>James B. Belford (1837–1910), USA Congressman and lawyer</p><br>
<p>Thomas Belt (1832–1878), English naturalist</p><br>
<p>Hiram Pitt Bennet (1826–1914), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Henry P. H. Bromwell (1823–1903), USA Congressman from Illinois, prominent Freemason, Grand Master of Illinois, and delegate to the Colorado constitutional convention</p><br>
<p>Clara Brown (c. 1803–1885), freed slave, first black woman in Colorado, and one of the founders of the St. James Methodist Church</p><br>
<p>Chin Lin Sou (1837–1894), railroad foreman and early Chinese American community leader</p><br>
<p>David Day (1847–1914), Medal of Honor recipient during the American Civil War</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Piper Ensley (1847–1919), suffragist</p><br>
<p>John Evans (1814–1897), former Territory of Colorado governor</p><br>
<p>Barney Ford (1822–1902), Business person</p><br>
<p>George V. Kelley (1843–1905), received a Medal of Honor for capturing a Confederate flag during the American Civil War</p><br>
<p>Oliver Marcelle (c. 1890–1949), first black baseball player in Colorado, buried in an unmarked grave</p><br>
<p>Miguel Antonio Otero (1829–1882), prominent New Mexico politician</p><br>
<p>Park Hee Byung (1871–1907), Korean independence activist and "founding father" of the state&#39;s Korean American community, grave unmarked until 2007</p><br>
<p>John Long Routt (1826–1907), last territorial governor of Colorado, first state governor of Colorado, Denver mayor</p><br>
<p>Jacob Schueler (1835–1918), co-founder of the Coors Brewery</p><br>
<p>Richard Sopris (1813–1893), mayor of Denver (1878–1881)</p><br>
<p>Silas Soule (1838–1865), soldier in the Colorado Cavalry who disobeyed Colonel John Chivingtons orders to fire on defenseless Indians, and Silass widow, Thersa A. "Hersa" Coberly Soule Lea (1846–1879).</p><br>
<p>Andrew Stritmatter (1847–1880), American missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church in China</p><br>
<p>Augusta Tabor (1833–1895), Colorado pioneer and first wife of Horace Tabor.</p><br>
<p>Lansdowne Christian Church  was established in 1903 in Lansdowne, Maryland. Part of the Christian Church  denomination, Lansdowne Christian Church is located at 101 Clyde Avenue, Lansdowne, Baltimore, Maryland 21227 in southwest Baltimore County, on the southwestern outskirts of the City of Baltimore. Rev. J. B. DeHoff was the first pastor in the early 20th century. The church is currently led by the Rev. Trent Owings.</p><br>
<p>Weekly services are held each Sunday morning according to the longtime traditions of the Christian Church and Disciples of Christ, a major mainline Protestant denomination in America. Special holiday services are held as well. Community outreach events in the surrounding neighborhood of Lansdowne, plus adjacent Halethorpe, Relay, Arbutus, English Consul, Baltimore Highlands,and Elkridge. Further north in the city of Baltimore are Lakeland, Morrell Park, Violetville. Many events and activities are conducted in collaboration with other local community churches. A Summer Concert series has conducted monthly concerts since 2004 with performers from the state capital of Annapolis and neighboring counties.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The ground and building were donated by a local veteran of the American Civil War (1861-1865), Charles Wesley Hull, and his wife Mary A. Hull. This gift was to honor the Union Army soldiers of the Civil War. The Hulls family also donated other property to benefit the community of early Lansdowne, including land to establish the first volunteer fire company in Lansdowne in 1902. Charles W. Hull was a member and Commander of the Dushane Post #3 of the large influential veterans group, the Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.). He originally served in Ohio before moving to Baltimore. He died March 17, 1926, and is buried in Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>The wood frame building covered with shingles and two/twin bell towers was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, maintained by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In 2004, LCC was added to the newly documented "Marylands Civil War Trail" program ( a series of state-wide tourism initiatives in conjunction with several other surrounding states involved in the war. It catalogs the Border States many historical sites from the war with mounted plaques (often with attached voice recorders for cellphones/smartphones), site brochures, guidebooks, internet website guide and occasional advertising. Historically unique, it is the only church in the United States ever dedicated to the old veterans association Grand Army of the Republic, founded 1866 once composed of millions of members, and endured to 1956, when the last living veteran died. Each year on the last Sunday in May, a special GAR Memorial Service is held to commemorate the veterans of foreign wars by the GAR when some were still living in the 1910s, 1920s, 1930s to the 40s and now carried on by the descendants subsequent group, the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (S.U.V.C.W.). Three beautiful stained glass windows were given to the church, two years after it was built in 1905 by the Grand Army of the Republic, Dushane Post #3 of the "Grand Army", and by the G.A.R. / S.U.V. female auxiliary of the Dushane Corps #3 of the Woman&#39;s Relief Corps. These windows still remain intact today.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Free Library of Beaver Falls is a historic Carnegie library in the city of Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, United States. Erected as Beaver County&#39;s first library building, it was financed by Andrew Carnegie and designed by a leading Pittsburgh architect in grand architectural style that helped to redefine the image of the typical Carnegie library. Numerous community organizations have used its space, which remains in continued use as a library, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In late 1883, community leaders formed a private library association, and a related lecture series was held to raise money through ticket sales. Small enough that it could fit in a grocery store, the resulting collection experienced enough use that it could be seen to be too small for the communitys needs, even though it was a subscription library. The association continued sponsoring lectures, and one of their invited speakers was Andrew Carnegie: finding himself unable to accept their invitation, Carnegie donated a small amount of money to the associations finances. His willingness to assist the association spurred leaders to seek money from him to construct an entirely new building. After several years of negotiations, the industrialist agreed to contribute $50,000 toward a library building.</p><br>
<p>Their finances secured, the association bought a parcel of land in downtown Beaver Falls and contracted with Pittsburgh architect Frederick J. Osterling to design its new home. Osterlings office produced a grand Neoclassical design, and construction began in 1899, although the building only opened for public use a week before Christmas 1903. It quickly gained recognition: locals saw it as a landmark, and its grandeur attracted the attention of Carnegie and his assistant James Bertram. Its construction marks a turning point in the architecture of Carnegie libraries in Pennsylvania: Carnegie and Bertrams disgust at the grand architecture of libraries such as Beaver Falls induced them to announce that future Carnegie libraries would be substantially smaller buildings with simpler standardized floor plans.</p><br>
<p>The first building in Beaver County built as a library, it immediately became a community center as well. As property of the local school district, the library was soon integrated into scholastic activities; arts performances and commencements were held on its stage. Moreover, it was the first building anywhere in Beaver County with space for stage performances, so it also hosted community events unrelated to the school boards activities. Growing numbers of children in the city forced the school board to use some of the second floor for classrooms starting in 1915, and only in 1931 were all children able to be moved to a normal school building. As the twentieth century progressed, events at the library became fewer, but it has remained a prominent piece of the communitys culture and built environment.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Two stories tall, the library is a Neoclassical building with Palladian influences. Built of yellow brick, it occupies a raised stone foundation; the granite details at the top of the foundation sit 4 ft above the ground. Multiple buttresses are placed on all sides but the rear (west), both supporting the roof and dividing the walls into segments. Numerous windows are placed mid the buttresses; between the ordinary windows found in most places and the massive fanlight-topped stained glass window at the center of the facade, the building has so much glass (all uninsulated) that it suffers substantial heat loss because of the fenestration. Even the highest parts of the library are pierced for lighting, as dormer windows and a skylight are located in various parts of the roof. Many of the windows are trimmed with terracotta, while large stone risers project from the front on both sides of the stairs. The most prominent part of the building is the entrance on the east front, which is framed by two pairs of columns and crowned with a prominent pediment. Lesser facades are built on the northern and southern sides, while the western side&#39;s exposure to an alleyway has been extensively modified (e.g. the closing of windows) to discourage vandalism and theft.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the library features three floors. Both the basement and first floor are comparable to those of other Carnegie libraries built at the same time: the utility rooms are placed in the basement, along with community meeting facilities, while the first floor centers on the reference/circulation desk and features space for stacks, adult reading rooms, and childrens space. Upstairs, the second floor is occupied by a genealogical library, the Beaver County Research and Resource Center for Local History, and the citys historical museum is located in the basement.</p><br>
<p>Most of the original performance hall in the basement was dismantled in 1961 with the goal of conversion into shelving and reading space, but it was soon renovated as space rented by a state government agency, the Bureau of Employment Security, before being re-converted for the city museum. Few other major changes have been performed: the second-floor ceiling was lowered to improve heating efficiency, and a small wall was added atop the staircase to prevent people falling down the stairs, but the main floors high ceilings have remained, and virtually all of the buildings original never-painted woodworking survives. Hand-carven details can be found throughout the building&#39;s walnut and oak trim, much of which also features larger components such as Ionic columns that appear to support the ceilings.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>By the mid-1980s, the governing board of Beaver Falls school district had recognized the historic significance of the librarys architecture: its unusual degree of preservation is partly the result of a board policy prohibiting changes that would detract from its status. The building gained much wider recognition in 1985, when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places; it qualified both because of its architecture and because of its place in local history. One of twenty such locations in Beaver County, it is the only one in Beaver Falls. It continues to be used as a library, although the institution is now part of a larger library system serving the entire county.</p><br>
<p>Flora MacDonald College was a women&#39;s college in Red Springs, Robeson County, North Carolina. It was founded in 1896 by Dr. Charles Graves Vardell as the Red Springs Seminary, renamed Southern Presbyterian College and Conservatory of Music in 1903 then Flora MacDonald College in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The Neoclassical style main building was constructed between 1900 and 1910 and consists of six sections: the Conservatory Hall (1900); East Hall (1902); Morgan Hall (1904); West Hall (1905); the center domed section Administration Hall (1906); and Long West (1910). The main block, six bays wide and nine deep, has a Palladian entrance and a three-story Doric order tetrastyle portico and is surmounted by a dome. In the garden is a stone monument commemorating two of MacDonald&#39;s children, whose remains were moved from unmarked graves in Richmond County and reinterred on the college grounds in 1937. The building was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>As a result of a 1952 study of the Presbyterian Synod of North Carolina the college was merged with Presbyterian Junior College of Maxton, North Carolina to form a four-year, coeducational college located elsewhere. Flora MacDonald College closed in 1961. From 1964 through 1974 the Flora MacDonald campus was occupied by Vardell Hall, a girls preparatory school and junior college. Since 1974, the campus has been home to Flora Macdonald Academy (renamed Highlander Academy; formerly Robeson Country Day School) a Pre-K – 12 private preparatory school.</p><br>
<p>The Healey Building, at 57 Forsyth Street NW, in the Fairlie-Poplar district of Atlanta, was the last major skyscraper built in that city during the pre-World War I construction boom. Designed by the firm of Morgan & Dillon, with assistance from Walter T. Downing, in the Gothic Revival style, the 16-story structure was built between 1913-1914. It was originally planned with two facing towers connected by an atrium, taking up an entire city block. During construction, steelworker Billy Newburn fell to his death in 1913.The east tower along Broad Street was never constructed due to World War I and the subsequent death of owner William T. Healey  in 1920.</p><br>
<p>The building remained in the Healey family until 1972. On August 8, 1977, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and since 1987 it has enjoyed local landmark status. In 2001, the upper floors were converted into condominiums, while the lower floors continue to be the home of galleries, shops, and restaurants.</p><br>
<p>Oakleigh is a c. 1833 historic house museum in Mobile, Alabama, United States. It is the centerpiece of the Oakleigh Historic Complex, a grouping of buildings that contain a working-class raised cottage, Union Barracks, and a modern archives building. The name for the estate comes from a combination of the word oak and the Anglo-Saxon word lea, which means meadow. The complex is within the Oakleigh Garden Historic District, the surrounding district and neighborhood being named after the estate.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oakleigh was built on 33 acre of woodland west of Mobile in 1833 by James W. Roper, a brick mason from James City County, Virginia who was also a dry goods merchant and cotton factor. He chose this site for his house because of its valuable clay pit. He operated a Water Street brickyard in downtown Mobile on the present-day site of the RSA Battle House Tower.</p><br>
<p>While building Oakleigh, Roper lost his first wife, Sarah Ann Davenport, and a child. He remarried in 1838 upon completion of Oakleigh, and had four children with his second wife, Eliza Ann Simison.</p><br>
<p>The Panic of 1837 hit Roper and his business interests hard. After borrowing $20,000 to build the home, he was unable to pay back his loans, and the bank repossessed the home. With his business interests failing, Roper and his family then left Mobile, and became a lumber merchant in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1840. The bank would then sell off 24 acres of the land and rent out the home.</p><br>
<p>Alfred Irwin, treasurer of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, purchased the house in 1852. During the Civil War his wife, Margaret Kilshaw Irwin, defended the home against Union soldiers by proclaiming the property neutral territory on account of her British citizenship and hanging the Union Jack from the balcony. T.K. and Lee Fearn Irwin, their sons, were both veterans of the Civil War and gained local prominence in the late 19th century. Lee served as Mobile&#39;s assistant postmaster, president of the Cherokee Cotton Mills, and manager of the Mobile Oil Mills. His older brother T.K., once aide to Confederate president Jefferson Davis, went on to establish the Mobile Cotton Exchange and later became its president. T.K. married Mary Anna Ketchum. Much of their correspondence from the Civil War years and after remains on file at Oakleigh today. Oakleigh remained in the Irwin family until sold by Daisy Irwin Clisby, granddaughter of Alfred, in 1916.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built as a raised, galleried villa in the Greek Revival style, Oakleigh is one of the largest T-shaped homes in the state of Alabama. The unique shape of the home allows for cross-ventilation in Mobiles humid subtropical climate. The lower floor was originally a raised basement, likely built of handmade brick from the site, once functioned as a workspace and storage. The homes second floor contains the main living quarters. The quarter-turn, cantilever staircase rising to the front door was designed by James Roper.</p><br>
<h2>The complex</h2><br>
<p>The Oakleigh Historic Complex also consists of the Union Barracks, the Cox-Deasy Cottage, and the Minnie Mitchell Archives. Visitors are able to view the complex via personally guided tours from Oakleigh Belles and/or docents.</p><br>
<p>The Union Barracks, built in 1867, used to be known as the Cook&#39;s House. It has been restored to tell the story of post-Emancipation life in Mobile. It is one of the few surviving structures built during Reconstruction after the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The Cox-Deasy Cottage, built in 1850, is a Creole raised cottage now serving as a program space for the Historic Mobile Preservation Society.</p><br>
<p>Minnie Mitchell Archives houses the archives of the Historic Mobile Preservation Society. The archives house historic maps, surname files, Mardi Gras related files, newspapers and newspaper clippings, scrapbooks, and numerous special collections.</p><br>
<p>Between 1873 and 1945, Saranac Lake, New York, became a world-renowned center for the treatment of tuberculosis, using a treatment that involved exposing patients to as much fresh air as possible under conditions of complete bed-rest. In the process, a specific building type, the "cure cottage", developed, built by residents seeking to capitalize on the town&#39;s fame, by physicians, and often by the patients themselves. Many of these structures are extant, and their historic value has been recognized by listing on The National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Beginnings</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau (1848–1915), as a young man, watched his elder brother die of tuberculosis over a period of three months&ndash; at the time, the disease was incurable. He subsequently trained as a doctor, and, three years after completing his studies, was himself diagnosed with tuberculosis. Conventional thinking of the time called for a change of climate, and he went to live in the Adirondack Mountains, initially at Paul Smiths Hotel, spending as much time as possible in the open, and he subsequently regained his health. In 1876 he moved to Saranac Lake and established a medical practice among the sportsmen, guides and lumber camps of the region. In 1882, Trudeau read about Prussian Dr. Hermann Brehmers success treating tuberculosis with the "rest cure" in cold, clear mountain air. Following this example, Trudeau founded the Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium in February, 1885. The first patients were two sisters who had been factory workers in New York City. They were treated in a one-room cottage named "Little Red", built for $350 on land donated by the guides and residents of the village. As the sanitorium grew, it would be supported at first by wealthy sportsmen that Trudeau had met at Paul Smith&#39;s, several of whom had built great camps on the nearby St. Regis Lakes.</p><br>
<p>The requirement for fresh air lead Trudeau to avoid large institutional settings, feeling that a cottage-like structure would maximize the patients exposure to light and air, and avoid the sanitation difficulties of a large institutional setting. Consequently, as the towns increasing fame drew more and more invalids, "cure cottages" began to spring up throughout the town. Many were created by simply adding glassed-in porches to existing houses. Others were built as cure cottages and/or apartment buildings, but all had "cure porches" with sliding glass windows, in which patients spent at least eight hours a day resting on special day beds or reclining chairs.</p><br>
<h2>Growth</h2><br>
<p>In 1887, when Robert Louis Stevenson came to Saranac Lake for treatment of what was then thought to be tuberculosis and stayed at what is now known as Stevenson Cottage, the towns fame grew substantially, and the arrival of the railroads, the New York Central and the Delaware and Hudson, in the village greatly eased access to the area. The discovery that tuberculosis was contagious further contributed to Saranac Lakes importance as a cure center, as many other venues in the Adirondacks began to turn "consumptives" away. As a result, the village grew rapidly, from 533 in 1880 to 1582 in 1890 to a peak of more than 6,000 by 1920.</p><br>
<p>Many who came to take the cure brought talents that were put to good use in the small town. William L. Coulter, for example, was an architect who found work designing cottages for wealthy clients, often to be used as cure cottages. He designed a house at 147 Park Avenue for Thomas Bailey Aldrich editor of the Atlantic Monthly in 1903 that wits dubbed "The Porcupine" because it had so many fine points. He also designed Camp Eagle Island and Prospect Point Camp, two Great Camps on Upper Saranac Lake.</p><br>
<p>A number of different types of institutions developed: boarding houses and cottages, for relatively ambulatory patients; cottages that didn&#39;t provide board, in which case meals would be provided by a nearby boarding cottage; "nursing cottages" for patients too weak to get around. In time, cottages came to specialize in distinct populations: there were cottages for Greeks, for Cubans, for blacks, and kosher boarding cottages for Jews. Some were organized by occupation: there were cottages that catered to circus people, for telephone workers, for the employees of the DuPont company, and for Endicott Johnson Shoes. The National Vaudeville Artists built the National Vaudeville Artists Hospital, which later became the Will Rogers Memorial Hospital, now a senior independent living community, Saranac Village at Will Rogers.</p><br>
<p>For those who could afford it, the best situation for a patient was to be able to live with one&#39;s own family. For these, a number of possibilities existed, ranging from a small cottage that could house the entire family, to large and luxurious houses built to accommodate the family and whatever patients might be part of it. One of the latter type was built for a Swiss baron for his invalid daughter, another by the founder of Stanley Tools. Those of lesser means frequently brought family members who earned a living by working in other sanatoria, or creating their own cure settings in rented accommodations.</p><br>
<h2>During the World Wars</h2><br>
<p>World War I caused another major increase in patients&mdash; the stress of war and the damage caused by mustard gas provided fertile ground for the tuberculosis bacillus. By 1921 there were 650 veterans living in Saranac Lake; later, the Veterans Administration opened Sunmount Veterans Hospital in nearby Tupper Lake.</p><br>
<p>When Norway was overrun by the Nazis early in World War II, many Norwegian merchant seamen who were at sea at the time chose to come to the United States; some of those were found to have tuberculosis, and perhaps as many as 500 came to live in Saranac Lake. They nearly all left after the war, but 16 had died, and are buried in a special section of Pine Ridge Cemetery; their graves are tended by prisoners at nearby Camp Gabriels, funded by an annual payment from the Norwegian government.</p><br>
<h2>New treatments and cottage reuse</h2><br>
<p>In 1944, an effective drug, streptomycin, was developed, and by the mid-1950s, sanatorium treatment of tuberculosis was nearly entirely supplanted by drug treatment, although the New York state-operated tuberculosis sanatorium in nearby Ray Brook (started in 1904) was not closed until the mid-1960s. Many of the cure cottages were converted into apartment houses, and some were torn down; some have been lovingly restored, and some badly renovated.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Bailey Aldrich</p><br>
<p>Adelaide Crapsey</p><br>
<p>Christy Mathewson</p><br>
<p>William Morris</p><br>
<p>Manuel L. Quezon</p><br>
<h2>The National Register of Historic Places sites</h2><br>
<p>Sixty-four of the hundreds of cure cottages still extant in Saranac Lake have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Still more are included in seven historic districts in the village.</p><br>
